Ubani owasungula imishini yokuzivocavoca

Imvelaphi ye-gymnastics ingalandelelwa emuva eGrisi lasendulo. Kodwa ubuzwe bebulokhu buqhubekisela phambili ukwanda kwemidlalo yokuzivocavoca yesimanje kusukela ezimpini zeNapoleonic kuya enkathini yamaSoviet.
Indoda enqunu izivocavoca ku-piazza. stoic bodyguard ekugcotshweni kuka-Abraham Lincoln. Intsha enciphayo ikhuphuka phansi ochungechungeni oludidayo lokuphenduka nokugxuma. Lezi zithombe aziyona ingozi - zonke ziyingxenye yomlando we-gymnastics.
Ngokukhula kwabasubathi abafana noSimone Biles no-Kohei Uchimura, lo mdlalo usungomunye wemicimbi ethandwa kakhulu kuma-Olympics. I-Gymnastics yayingafaki njalo imigoqo engalingani noma i-balance beam - i-gymnastics yakuqala yayihlanganisa ukuhamba okufana nokukhwela izintambo nokushwiba izinduku. Kodwa ekuziphendukeleni kwayo kusukela emasikweni amaGreki asendulo kuya emdlalweni wanamuhla wama-Olympic, i-gymnastics ibilokhu ihlotshaniswa eduze nokuziqhenya kwezwe kanye nobunikazi.
Abasubathi basendulo bamaGreki babevame ukuzilolonga benqunu. Laba badlali bomzimba bokuqala babeqeqeshela imizimba yabo impi.

Ihhashi le-gymnastics yasekhaya i-vaulting horse

Umsuka Wokuzivocavoca

Lo mdlalo udabuka eGrisi lasendulo. EGreece yasendulo, izinsizwa zaziqeqeshwa kanzima ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo ukuze zilwe. Igama livela ku-Gymnos yesiGreki, "nqunu" - kufanelekile, njengoba izinsizwa zaziqeqesha zinqunu, zenza umzimba, ziphakamisa izinsimbi futhi ziqhudelana zodwa phansi.
KumaGreki, ukuvivinya umzimba nokufunda kwakuhambisana. Ngokwesazi-mlando sezemidlalo uR. Scott Kretchmar, izindawo zokuvivinya umzimba lapho izinsizwa ezingamaGreki zaziqeqeshelwa khona “zaziyizikhungo zemfundo nokwaziswa”—izikhungo zomphakathi lapho izinsizwa zazifundiswa khona ubuciko bomzimba nobuhlakani. Isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki sangekhulu lesine BC u-Aristotle sabhala, “Imfundo yomzimba kumelwe yandulele imfundo yengqondo.”
Kodwa i-gymnastics, njengoba siyayazi namuhla, yavela kwenye indawo eshisayo yobuhlakani kanye nenkulumompikiswano eshisayo: iYurophu yekhulu le-18 nele-19. Lapho, njengaseGreece yasendulo, ukuqina ngokomzimba kwakubhekwa njengengxenye ebalulekile yobuzwe nokushisekela izwe. Imiphakathi yokuzivocavoca edumile yangaleso sikhathi yahlanganisa yomithathu.
UFriedrich Ludwig Jahn, owayeyisosha lasePrussia, wayedangele ukunqotshwa kwezwe lakubo ezandleni zikaNapoleon. Wasungula uhlobo lwe-gymnastics olubizwa nge-Turnen, akholelwa ukuthi luzovuselela izwe lakhe.
Owayeyisosha lasePrussia uFriedrich Ludwig Jahn - kamuva owaziwa ngokuthi "uFather of Gymnastics" - wamukela ifilosofi yenkathi Yokukhanyiselwa yokuziqhenya nemfundo yesizwe.
Ngemva kokuba iPrussia ihlaselwe iFrance, uJahn wabheka ukunqotshwa kwamaJalimane njengehlazo lesizwe.
Ukuze aphakamise abantu bakubo futhi ahlanganise intsha, waphendukela ekuqineni ngokomzimba. U-Jahn udale isistimu ye-gymnastics ebizwa ngokuthi "Turner" futhi wasungula amathuluzi amasha wabafundi bakhe, okuhlanganisa amabha aphindwe kabili, imigoqo engalingani, ibhalansi, kanye nokuma kwehhashi.
U-Jahn usungule izivivinyo ezihlala njalo, okuhlanganisa i-vault ne-balance beam, abalandeli bakhe abayenza kuma-Turner Festivals ezweni lonke. Esithombeni ngabesifazane baseHannoversche Musterturnschule benandisa emcimbini owawuseCologne ngo-1928.

I-Gymnastic Balance Beam

Indlela Ubuzwe Obukhulise Ngayo Ukunyuka Kwemidlalo Yokuzivocavoca

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, abalandeli baka-Jahn (owaziwa ngokuthi “abaphendukela”) bashintshana ngemibono mayelana nokunyakaza okufana nokuzivocavoca kwesimanje emadolobheni alo lonke elaseJalimane. Baqeqeshela amakhono abo ku-balance beam nehhashi le-pommel, izitebhisi ezikhuphukayo, izindandatho, ukugxuma okude, neminye imisebenzi, kuyilapho bedlala imidlalo emikhulu yokuzivocavoca.
KuTurner Festival, bashintshana ngemibono, baqhudelane ngezokuzivocavoca, baphinde baxoxe ngepolitiki. Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, baletha imibono yabo ngefilosofi, imfundo, nokuqina e-United States, futhi amakilabhu abo okuvivinya umzimba aba izikhungo zomphakathi ezibalulekile ezweni.
U-Turner uphinde waba ibutho lezombusazwe eMelika. Abaningi bashiya izwe lakubo ngoba bephikisana nobukhosi baseJalimane futhi belangazelela inkululeko. Ngenxa yalokho, abanye abakwaTurner baba ngabashisekeli bomthetho abaqinile nabasekeli baka-Abraham Lincoln.
Izinkampani ezimbili ze-Turners zanikeza ukuvikelwa kuMongameli uLincoln ekugcotshweni kwakhe kokuqala, futhi u-Turner waze wakha amabutho abo ebuthweni leNyunyana.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, kwavela elinye ihlelo laseYurophu eligxile ekuzilolongeni ePrague maphakathi nekhulu le-19. Njengama-Turners, inhlangano ye-Sokol yakhiwe ngabashisekeli bezwe ababekholelwa ukuthi ama-calisthenics ahlanganiswe ngobuningi azohlanganisa abantu baseCzech.
Inhlangano ye-Sokol yaba inhlangano ethandwa kakhulu eCzechoslovakia, futhi ukuzivocavoca kwayo kwakuhlanganisa imigoqo ehambisanayo, imigoqo evundlile, nezinqubo zaphansi.
U-Nadia Comăneci wase-Romania ube ngowokuqala wesifazane wokuzivocavoca ukuthola amaphuzu aphelele ayi-10 kuma-Olympics ka-1976. Lo msubathi oneminyaka engu-14 ubudala uboniswa egxuma phezulu ngonyawo olulodwa ngesikhathi enza isimiso saphansi ngalowo nyaka.

Ibha ye-Parallel ye-Gymnastics

I-Gymnastics kuma-Olympics

Njengoba ukuthandwa kukaTurner noSokol kwanda, i-gymnastics yanda kakhulu. Ngo-1881, isithakazelo samazwe ngamazwe ku-gymnastics sasikhula, futhi i-International Gymnastics Federation yazalwa.
Phakathi neMidlalo Yama-Olympic yokuqala yesimanje ngo-1896, i-gymnastics yayingomunye wemicimbi eyimpoqo kumsunguli uPierre de Coubertin.
Amadoda angu-71 aqhudelana emicimbini ye-gymnastics eyisishiyagalombili, okuhlanganisa nokuqwala izintambo. Akumangazi ukuthi iGermany yazidla zonke izindondo, yahlomula ngegolide ezinhlanu, ezintathu zesiliva nezethusi ezimbili. IGreece ilandele ngezindondo eziyisithupha, kwathi iSwitzerland yathola ezintathu kuphela.
Eminyakeni eyalandela, i-gymnastics kancane kancane yaba umdlalo onamagoli ajwayelekile kanye nemicimbi yokuncintisana. I-Gymnastics ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezimbili: i-gymnastic yobuciko, ehlanganisa i-vault, imigoqo engalingani, i-balance beam, ihhashi le-pommel, izindandatho ezimile, imigoqo ehambisanayo, imigoqo evundlile kanye nephansi; kanye nama-gymnastics anesigqi, ahlanganisa amathuluzi afana namaringi, amabhola namaribhoni.Ngo-1928, abesifazane baqhudelana okokuqala ngqa kuma-Olympic gymnastics.
Namuhla, uSimone Biles wase-United States ungumqeqeshi wokuzivocavoca ohlotshiswe kakhulu emlandweni. Imisebenzi yakhe ehlaba umxhwele ikhuthaze ukwesaba nokuzigqaja ngokwezwe, okuhlanganisa nokusebenza kwakhe kuma-Olympics Ehlobo Lango-2016 e-Rio de Janeiro, lapho awina khona indondo yegolide ezine neyodwa yethusi.

I-Scandal.

I-Gymnastics ikhuthaza ubunye bezwe futhi ibungaza umzimba ophelele. Kodwa abasubathi bakhokhe inani eliphansi ngakho. Isiyalo esikhuthazwa yi-gymnastics singaholela kalula ezindleleni zokuqeqesha ezihlukumezayo, futhi lo mdlalo ugxekwe ngokuvuna abahlanganyeli abasebancane kakhulu.
Ngo-2016, udokotela weqembu le-Gymnastics yase-USA uLarry Nassar wasolwa ngokunukubeza izingane ngokocansi. Ezinyangeni ezalandela, kwaqubuka ihlazo elivela ngemuva kwenkundla yezokuzivocavoca, lidalula isiko lokuhlukunyezwa ngamazwi, ngokomzwelo, ngokomzimba, ngokocansi nokuzithoba.
Bangaphezu kuka-150 abadlali bokuzivocavoca abafakaza ngesikhathi kuqulwa isigwebo sikaNassar, owagwetshwa iminyaka engu-60 ejele likahulumeni ngo-2017.

Isiko.

I-Gymnastics ayiseyona ingxenye yenhlangano yezepolitiki ebanzi evuna ubuzwe nobumbano emphakathini. Kodwa ukuthandwa kwayo nendima yayo ekuziqhenyeni ngobuzwe kuyaqhubeka.
UDavid Clay Large, isikhulu esiphezulu eSikhungweni Sezifundo ZaseYurophu eNyuvesi yaseCalifornia, eBerkeley, ubhala ephephabhukwini elithi (Inqubomgomo Yangaphandle), “Ekugcineni, yilokhu okuphathelene nama-Olympics.”
Uyabhala, “Le mikhosi ebizwa ngokuthi ‘yomhlaba wonke’ iphumelela ngokunembile ngenxa yokuthi iveza lokho ezama ukukudlula: imizwelo yezizwe eyisisekelo kunazo zonke emhlabeni.”