Ubani owasungula imishini yokuzivocavoca umzimba

Imvelaphi yokuzivocavoca umzimba ingalandelelwa emuva eGrisi lasendulo. Kodwa ubuzwe bube bubangela ukwanda kokuzivocavoca kwanamuhla kusukela eMpini kaNapoleon kuya enkathini yamaSoviet.
Indoda enqunu ijima e-piazza. unogada oqinile emcimbini wokuvulwa kuka-Abraham Lincoln. Intsha encane ivuka phansi ochungechungeni oludidayo lokujika nokugxuma. Lezi zithombe aziyona ingozi - zonke ziyingxenye yomlando wokuzivocavoca umzimba.
Njengoba kwanda abasubathi abanjengoSimone Biles noKohei Uchimura, lo mdlalo usube ngomunye wemicimbi ethandwa kakhulu kuma-Olympic. Ama-gymnastics ayengahlali ehlanganisa imigoqo engalingani noma i-balance beam – ama-gymnastics okuqala ayehlanganisa ukunyakaza okufana nokukhuphuka ngentambo kanye nokujikijela ngezinduku. Kodwa ekuguqukeni kwawo kusukela emasikweni asendulo aseGrisi kuya emdlalweni wanamuhla wama-Olympic, ama-gymnastics ayelokhu ehlotshaniswa eduze nokuziqhenya ngobuzwe kanye nobunikazi.
Abasubathi basendulo baseGrisi babevame ukuzijwayeza amakhono abo okuzivocavoca benqunu. Laba basubathi bokuqala bokuzivocavoca babeqeqesha imizimba yabo impi.

Ihhashi lokujima eligibela izintaba lasekhaya

Umsuka We-Gymnastics

Lo mdlalo waqala eGrisi lasendulo. EGrisi lasendulo, izinsizwa zaziqeqeshwa kakhulu ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo ukuze ziphilwe empini. Leli gama livela egameni lesiGreki elithi “zinqunu” – elifanele, njengoba izinsizwa zaziqeqeshwa zinqunu, zenza izivivinyo, ziphakamisa izinsimbi futhi zincintisana phansi.
KumaGreki, ukuzivocavoca nokufunda kwakuhambisana. Ngokusho kwesazi-mlando sezemidlalo uR. Scott Kretchmar, izindawo zokuzivocavoca lapho izinsizwa zaseGreki zaziqeqeshwa khona “kwakuyizikhungo zokufunda nokuthola ulwazi”—izikhungo zomphakathi lapho izinsizwa zazifundiswa khona kwezobuciko bomzimba nobokucabanga. Isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki sangekhulu lesine BC u-Aristotle sabhala, “Imfundo yomzimba kumele ilandele imfundo yengqondo.”
Kodwa i-gymnastics, njengoba siyayazi namuhla, yavela kwenye indawo yokugxila kwengqondo kanye nempikiswano eshisayo: iYurophu yekhulu le-18 nele-19. Lapho, njengaseGrisi lasendulo, ukuba nempilo enhle ngokomzimba kwakubhekwa njengengxenye ebalulekile yobuzwe kanye nokuthanda izwe. Imiphakathi ethandwayo ye-gymnastics yangaleso sikhathi yahlanganisa konke lokhu kokuthathu.
UFriedrich Ludwig Jahn, owayeyisosha lasePrussia, wadumala ngokunqotshwa kwezwe lakhe ezandleni zikaNapoleon. Wasungula uhlobo lokuzivocavoca olubizwa ngokuthi iTurnen, ayekholelwa ukuthi luzovuselela izwe lakhe.
Owayeyisosha lasePrussia uFriedrich Ludwig Jahn – kamuva owaziwa ngokuthi “uBaba Wezokuzivocavoca” – wamukela ifilosofi yesikhathi soKukhanyiselwa yokuziqhenya ngobuzwe kanye nemfundo.
Ngemva kokuba iPrussia ihlaselwe yiFrance, uJahn wabheka ukunqotshwa kwamaJalimane njengehlazo lesizwe.
Ukuze athuthukise abantu bakubo futhi ahlanganise intsha, waphendukela ekubeni sesimweni sokuqina komzimba. UJahn wadala uhlelo lokuzivocavoca umzimba olubizwa ngokuthi “iTurner” futhi wasungula imishini emisha yabafundi bakhe, okuhlanganisa i-double bar, i-evenless bars, i-balance beam, kanye ne-horse stand.
UJahn wasungula izivivinyo ezihlala isikhathi eside, okuhlanganisa i-vault kanye ne-balance beam, abalandeli bakhe ababezenza eTurner Festivals kulo lonke izwe. Esithombeni ngabesifazane baseHannoversche Musterturnschule bedlala emkhosini eCologne ngo-1928.

I-Gymnastic Balance Beam

Indlela Ubuzwe Obakhuthaza Ngayo Ukwanda Kwe-Gymnastics

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, abalandeli bakaJahn (owaziwa ngokuthi “amaTurner”) bashintshana ngemibono mayelana nezinyathelo ezifana nezokuzivocavoca zanamuhla emadolobheni kulo lonke elaseJalimane. Baqeqesha amakhono abo e-balance beam kanye ne-pommel horse, bakhuphuka amaladi, amasongo, ukugxuma okude, neminye imisebenzi, konke lokhu ngenkathi benza imisebenzi emikhulu yokuzivocavoca.
E-Turner Festival, babelana ngemibono, bancintisana kuma-gymnastics, futhi baxoxa ngezepolitiki. Eminyakeni edlule, baletha imibono yabo ngefilosofi, imfundo, kanye nokufaneleka e-United States, futhi amakilabhu abo okuzivocavoca aba yizikhungo zomphakathi ezibalulekile ezweni.
UTurner naye waba yiqembu lezepolitiki eMelika. Abaningi bashiya izwe lakubo ngoba babephikisana nobukhosi baseJalimane futhi belangazelela inkululeko. Ngenxa yalokho, abanye abantu baseTurner baba abashisekeli abaqinile bokuqedwa kombuso kanye nabasekeli baka-Abraham Lincoln.
Izinkampani ezimbili zamaTurners zanikeza uMengameli uLincoln isivikelo ekugcotshweni kwakhe kokuqala, kanti amaTurners aze akha namabutho awo ebuthweni le-Union.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, kwavela elinye iqembu laseYurophu eligxile ekuzilolongeni ePrague maphakathi nekhulu le-19. NjengamaTurner, inhlangano yamaSokol yayakhiwe ngabantu abashisekela ubuzwe ababekholelwa ukuthi ama-calisthenics ahlanganiswe ngobuningi azohlanganisa abantu baseCzech.
Inhlangano iSokol yaba yinhlangano ethandwa kakhulu eCzechoslovakia, futhi izivivinyo zayo zazihlanganisa imigoqo ehambisanayo, imigoqo evundlile, kanye nemikhuba yaphansi.
UNadia Comăneci waseRomania waba ngumdlali wejimnastiki wokuqala wesifazane ukuthola amaphuzu ayi-10 aphelele kuma-Olympic ka-1976. Lo mdlali oneminyaka engu-14 ubudala ubonakala egxumagxuma ngonyawo olulodwa ngesikhathi enza umsebenzi wokuzivocavoca phansi ngalowo nyaka.

Ibha ye-Gymnastics Parallel

I-Gymnastics kuma-Olympic

Njengoba ukuthandwa kukaTurner noSokol kwakukhula, ukujima kwaba yinto ethandwa kakhulu. Ngo-1881, intshisekelo yamazwe ngamazwe ekujimeni yayikhula, futhi kwazalwa i-International Gymnastics Federation.
Ngesikhathi seMidlalo yama-Olimpiki yokuqala yanamuhla ngo-1896, i-gymnastics yayingomunye wemicimbi ephoqelekile yomsunguli uPierre de Coubertin.
Amadoda angamashumi ayisikhombisa nanye ancintisana emiqhudelwaneni eyisishiyagalombili yokuzivocavoca umzimba, okuhlanganisa nokukhuphuka ngentambo. Akumangazi ukuthi iJalimane iwine zonke izindondo, yawina igolide ezinhlanu, isiliva ezintathu kanye nethusi ezimbili. IGrisi ilandele ngezindondo eziyisithupha, kanti iSwitzerland iwine ezintathu kuphela.
Eminyakeni eyalandela, i-gymnastics kancane kancane yaba umdlalo onemicimbi yokulinganisa amaphuzu kanye nemincintiswano ejwayelekile. I-Gymnastics ihlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili: i-gymnastics yobuciko, ehlanganisa i-vault, i-evenless bars, i-balance beam, i-pommel horse, i-static rings, i-parallel bars, i-horizontal bars kanye ne-floor; kanye ne-rhythmic gymnastics, ehlanganisa amathuluzi anjengezindandatho, amabhola kanye ne-ribbons. Ngo-1928, abesifazane bancintisana kwi-Olympic gymnastics okokuqala.
Namuhla, uSimone Biles wase-United States ungumjima ohlotshiswe kakhulu emlandweni. Izenzo zakhe ezihlaba umxhwele zikhuthaze ukumangala nokuziqhenya ngobuzwe, okuhlanganisa nokusebenza kwakhe kuma-Olimpiki asehlobo ka-2016 eRio de Janeiro, lapho awine khona indondo yegolide emine kanye neyodwa yethusi.

Isihlazo.

I-gymnastics ikhuthaza ubunye besizwe futhi igubha umzimba ophelele. Kodwa abasubathi bakhokhele kakhulu lokho. Ukuqeqeshwa okuthuthukiswa yi-gymnastics kungaholela kalula ezindleleni zokuqeqesha ezihlukumezayo, futhi lo mdlalo ugxekwe ngokuthanda abahlanganyeli abasebancane kakhulu.
Ngo-2016, udokotela weqembu le-Gymnastics lase-USA uLarry Nassar wasolwa ngokuhlukumeza izingane ngokocansi. Ezinyangeni ezalandela, ihlazo laveza umhlaba wangasese we-gymnastics, ladalula isiko lokuhlukumeza ngamazwi, ngokomzwelo, ngokomzimba, ngokocansi kanye nokucindezelwa.
Abadlali bokuzivocavoca abangaphezu kuka-150 bafakaze enkantolo yesigwebo sikaNassar, owagwetshwa iminyaka engu-60 ejele likahulumeni ngo-2017.

Isiko.

I-gymnastics ayiseyona ingxenye yenhlangano yezepolitiki ebanzi esekela ubuzwe kanye nobumbano lomphakathi. Kodwa ukuthandwa kwayo kanye nendima yayo ekuziqhenyeni ngobuzwe kuyaqhubeka.
UDavid Clay Large, umfundi osesikhundleni esiphezulu e-Center for European Studies e-University of California, eBerkeley, ubhala encwadini (Foreign Policy), “Ekugcineni, yilokhu okushiwo yi-Olympics.”
Uyabhala, “Le migubho ebizwa ngokuthi ‘yezizwe zonke’ iphumelela ngoba iveza lokho ezama ukukudlula: imizwa yesizwe eyisisekelo kunazo zonke emhlabeni.”