Ngubani owasungula izixhobo zomthambo

Imvelaphi ye-gymnastics inokulandelwa kwiGrisi yamandulo. Kodwa ubuzwe buye baqhuba ukunyuka kwejimnastics yanamhlanje ukusuka kwiiMfazwe zeNapoleonic ukuya kwixesha leSoviet.
Indoda ehamba ze ijima kwi piazza. Umlindi we-stoic ekusungulweni kuka-Abraham Lincoln. Ulutsha olunciphayo luphakama emhlabeni kuthotho oludizzy lokugungqa nokutsiba. Le mifanekiso ayikho ngengozi - zonke ziyinxalenye yembali ye-gymnastics.
Ngokunyuka kwabadlali abafana noSimone Biles kunye no-Kohei Uchimura, umdlalo uye waba sesona siganeko sithandwa kakhulu kwi-Olimpiki. Ijimnastiki ibingasoloko ibandakanya imivalo engalinganiyo okanye umqadi wokulinganisa – ijimnastiki yasekuqaleni ibandakanya iintshukumo ezifana nokukhwela iintambo kunye nokujinga iinduku. Kodwa ekuveleni kwayo ukusuka kwisiko lamandulo lamaGrike ukuya kwimidlalo ye-Olimpiki yanamhlanje, i-gymnastics isoloko inxulumene ngokusondeleyo nekratshi lesizwe kunye nesazisi.
Iimbaleki zamaGrike zamandulo zazidla ngokwenza umthambo zihamba ze. Aba balolongi bamandulo babeqeqeshela imizimba yabo imfazwe.

Ihashe lomdlalo womthambo wasekhaya

Imvelaphi yeGymnastics

Lo mdlalo usuka kwiGrisi yamandulo. KwiGrisi yamandulo, abafana babeqeqeshwa ngokuqatha emzimbeni nasengqondweni ukuze balwe imfazwe. Eli gama livela kwi-Greek gymnos, "ze" - ifanelekile, ekubeni abafana abancinci baqeqesha behamba ze, benza umthambo, ukuphakamisa iintsimbi kunye nokukhuphisana komnye nomnye phantsi.
KumaGrike, umthambo nokufunda kwakuhamba kunye. Ngokutsho kombhali-mbali wezemidlalo uR. Scott Kretchmar, iindawo zokwenza umthambo apho abafana bamaGrike babeziqeqeshela khona “amaziko okufunda nokufumanisa”—amaziko oluntu apho abafana babefundiswa khona ubugcisa bomzimba nobukrelekrele. Isithandi sobulumko esingumGrike senkulungwane yesine ngaphambi kweXesha Eliqhelekileyo uAristotle sabhala: “Imfundo yomzimba imele yandulele imfundo yengqondo.”
Kodwa i-gymnastics, njengoko siyayazi namhlanje, ivela kwelinye i-hotbed ye-intellectualism kunye nengxoxo eshushu: i-18th kunye ne-19th yenkulungwane yeYurophu. Apho, njengakwiGrisi yamandulo, ukuba sempilweni ngokwasemzimbeni kwakujongwa njengenxalenye ebalulekileyo yobumi nokuthand’ izwe. Imibutho edumileyo yegymnastic yelo xesha idityaniswe zontathu.
UFriedrich Ludwig Jahn, owayesakuba lijoni lasePrussia, wayedimazekile kukoyiswa kwelizwe lakhe ezandleni zikaNapoleon. Waqulunqa uhlobo lomthambo olubizwa ngokuba yiTurnen, awayekholelwa ukuba luya kuvuselela ilizwe lakhe.
Owayesakuba lijoni lasePrussia uFriedrich Ludwig Jahn - kamva owaziwa ngokuba ngu "Father of Gymnastics" - wamkela intanda-bulumko yexesha lokuKhanya yokuzingca nemfundo yesizwe.
Emva kokuba iPrussia ihlaselwe yiFransi, uJahn wakugqala ukoyiswa kwamaJamani njengehlazo lesizwe.
Ukuphakamisa abantu belizwe lakhe kunye nokudibanisa ulutsha, waguqukela ekubeni sempilweni ngokomzimba. UJahn wenze inkqubo yokuzivocavoca ebizwa ngokuba yi "Turner" kwaye wayila izixhobo ezitsha zabafundi bakhe, kubandakanya ibar ephindwe kabini, imivalo engalinganiyo, umqadi wokulinganisa, kunye nokuma kwehashe.
U-Jahn wasungula imithambo ehlala ihleli, kuquka ivault kunye ne-balance beam, abalandeli bakhe abayenza kwiTurner Festivals kwilizwe liphela. Kumfanekiso ngabasetyhini abavela kwiHannoversche Musterturnschule bedlala kumnyhadala owawuseCologne ngo-1928.

I-Gymnastic Balance Beam

Indlela ubuzwe obukuxhokonxe ngayo ukuPhakamisa kweGymnastics

Ebutsheni benkulungwane ye-19, abalandeli bakaJahn (owaziwa ngokuba “nguBajika”) banikana ngezimvo malunga neentshukumo ezifana nezomthambo wale mihla kwizixeko ezikulo lonke elaseJamani. Baqeqeshe izakhono zabo kwi-balance beam kunye nehashe le-pommel, ukukhwela iileli, imisesane, imitsi emide, kunye neminye imisebenzi, ngelixa bebeka imiboniso emikhulu ye-gymnastic.
KuMnyhadala weTurner, batshintshiselana ngezimvo, bakhuphisane kwi-gymnastics, kwaye baxoxe ngezopolitiko. Ukutyhubela iminyaka, beza neembono zabo malunga nentanda-bulumko, imfundo, kunye nokomelela eUnited States, yaye imibutho yabo yokwenza umthambo yaba ngamaziko abalulekileyo oluntu kweli lizwe.
UTurner waba ngumbutho wezopolitiko eMelika. Abaninzi bawashiya amazwe abo ngenxa yokuchasa ubukhosi baseJamani yaye belangazelela inkululeko. Ngenxa yoko, abanye abaTurner baba ngababhubhisi abaqinileyo kunye nabaxhasi baka-Abraham Lincoln.
Iinkampani ezimbini ze-Turners zabonelela ngokhuseleko kuMongameli uLincoln ekusungulweni kwakhe okokuqala, kwaye uTurner wada wenza eyabo irejimeni kumkhosi woManyano.
Kwangaxeshanye, kwavela elinye ihlelo laseYurophu elithanda ukuba sempilweni ePrague phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-19. NjengamaTurners, intshukumo yeSokol yayiqulunqwe ngabahlali belizwe ababekholelwa ukuba i-calisthenics edibeneyo yayiza kudibanisa abantu baseCzech.
Umbutho weSokol waba ngowona mbutho udumileyo eCzechoslovakia, kwaye uqheliselo lwayo lwaluquka imivalo enxuseneyo, imivalo ethe tye, kunye neendlela zomgangatho.
U-Nadia Comăneci wase-Romania ube ngowokuqala obhinqileyo owenza umthambo ukufumana amanqaku ali-10 agqibeleleyo kwii-Olimpiki zika-1976. Imbaleki eneminyaka eli-14 ubudala iboniswa ixhumaxhuma phezulu ngonyawo olunye ngexesha lokuziqhelanisa nomgangatho ngaloo nyaka.

I-Gymnastics Parallel bar

IiGymnastics kwiiOlimpiki

Njengoko ukuthandwa kukaTurner noSokol kwanda, i-gymnastics yaba yinto ethandwa kakhulu. Ngo-1881, umdla wamazwe ngamazwe kwi-gymnastics wawukhula, kwaye i-International Gymnastics Federation yazalwa.
Ngexesha leMidlalo yeeOlimpiki yokuqala yanamhlanje ngowe-1896, imithambo yayisesinye seziganeko ezisisinyanzelo kumseki uPierre de Coubertin.
Amadoda angamashumi asixhenxe ananye akhuphisana kwiminyhadala yejimnastiki esibhozo, kuquka nokukhwela iintambo. Ngokungamangalisiyo, iJamani yazitshayela zonke iimbasa, ifumana igolide ezintlanu, ezintathu zesilivere, ezimbini zobhedu. IGrisi ilandele iimbasa ezintandathu, ngelixa iSwitzerland iphumelele ezintathu kuphela.
Kwiminyaka eyalandelayo, umthambo ngokuthe ngcembe waba ngumdlalo wamanqaku asemgangathweni kunye nemisitho yokhuphiswano. I-Gymnastics yahlulwe ibe ngamacandelo amabini: i-gymnastics yobugcisa, ebandakanya i-vault, imivalo engalinganiyo, i-balance beam, ihashe ye-pommel, imisesane engatshintshiyo, imivalo ehambelanayo, imivalo ethe tye kunye nomgangatho; kunye negymnastics yesingqisho, equka izixhobo ezifana nemisesane, iibhola kunye neerbhoni.Ngo-1928, abafazi bakhuphisana kwijimnastiki yeOlimpiki okokuqala.
Namhlanje, uSimone Biles wase-United States ngoyena mlolongi uhonjisiweyo kwimbali. Imisebenzi yakhe echukumisayo ikhuthaze uloyiko kunye nokuzingca kwesizwe, kuquka nokusebenza kwakhe kwi-Olimpiki yeHlobo yowama-2016 eRio de Janeiro, apho waphumelela imbasa yegolide ezine kunye neyebronzi enye.

Ihlazo.

I-Gymnastics ikhuthaza umanyano lwesizwe kwaye ibhiyozela umzimba ogqibeleleyo. Kodwa iimbaleki zihlawule ixabiso elinyukayo ngayo. Uqeqesho olukhuthazwa ngumthambo lunokukhokelela ngokulula kwiindlela zoqeqesho ezixhaphazayo, kwaye lo mdlalo ugxekwe ngokukhetha abathathi-nxaxheba abaselula kakhulu.
Kwi-2016, ugqirha weqela le-Gymnastics yase-USA uLarry Nassar utyholwa ngokuxhaphaza abantwana ngokwesondo. Kwiinyanga ezalandelayo, ihlazo latyhila ihlabathi lasemva kwe-gymnastics, libhenca inkcubeko yokuxhatshazwa ngamazwi, ngokweemvakalelo, emzimbeni, ngokwesondo kunye nokuzithoba.
Bangaphezu kwe-150 abadlali bomthambo banike ubungqina kwityala likaNassar, owagwetywa iminyaka engama-60 kwintolongo yomdibaniso ngo-2017.

Isithethe.

Ijimnastiki ayiseyonxalenye yombutho obanzi wezopolitiko oxhasa ubuzwe kunye nomanyano lwentlalo. Kodwa ukuthandwa kwayo kunye nendima yayo kwikratshi lobuzwe kuyaqhubeka.
UDavid Clay Large, ugxa omkhulu kwiZiko leZifundo zaseYurophu kwiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, eBerkeley, ubhala eli phephancwadi kwilindixesha (Umgaqo-nkqubo waNgaphandle), “Ekugqibeleni, le yeyona nto iphathelele iiOlimpiki.”
Ubhala athi, “Le mibhiyozo ibizwa ngokuba ‘yezizwe ngezizwe’ iphumelela ngokuthe ngqo kuba ivakalisa oko izama ukoyisa: elona thuku lisisiseko lezizwe zehlabathi.”