Ngubani owasungula izixhobo zejimnastiki

Imvelaphi ye-gymnastics inokulandelwa emva kwiGrisi yamandulo. Kodwa ubuzwe buye babangela ukwanda kwe-gymnastics yanamhlanje ukusuka kwiMfazwe kaNapoleon ukuya kwixesha leSoviet.
Indoda enqunu ijima kwi-piazza. Unogada oqinileyo ekumiselweni kuka-Abraham Lincoln. Ulutsha oluncinci luvuka emhlabeni ludlala uthotho lwe-flips and jumps. Le mifanekiso ayiyongozi – yonke iyinxalenye yembali ye-gymnastics.
Ngenxa yokwanda kwabadlali abanjengoSimone Biles noKohei Uchimura, lo mdlalo uye waba ngomnye wemidlalo ethandwayo kwiOlimpiki. I-gymnastics yayingasoloko ibandakanya imivalo engalinganiyo okanye i-balance beam – i-gymnastics yakuqala yayiquka iindlela zokukhwela intambo kunye nokujija iinduku. Kodwa ekuguqukeni kwayo ukusuka kwisithethe samandulo samaGrike ukuya kumdlalo weOlimpiki wanamhlanje, i-gymnastics ibisoloko inxulunyaniswa ngokusondeleyo nokuzingca ngobuzwe kunye nobuwena.
Abadlali bamandulo bamaGrike babedla ngokuziqhelanisa nezakhono zabo zokuzilolonga behamba ze. Aba badlali bokuqala bokuzilolonga babeqeqesha imizimba yabo ukuze balungele imfazwe.

Ihashe lokudada elijimayo ekhaya

Imvelaphi yeGymnastics

Lo mdlalo waqala eGrisi yamandulo. KwiGrisi yamandulo, abafana abaselula babeqeqeshwa kakhulu ngokwasemzimbeni nangokwengqondo ukuze balwe. Eli gama livela kwi-gymnos yesiGrike, "ze" - ifanelekile, kuba abafana babeqeqeshwa beze, besenza imithambo, bephakamisa iintsimbi kwaye bekhuphisana phantsi.
KumaGrike, ukuzilolonga nokufunda kwakuhambisana. Ngokutsho kwembali yezemidlalo uR. Scott Kretchmar, iijimu apho amadoda aselula amaGrike ayeqeqeshwa khona “zaziziko lokufunda nokufumanisa izinto ezintsha”—iziko loluntu apho amadoda aselula ayefundiswa khona ubugcisa bomzimba nobobuchopho. Isazinzulu sobulumko samaGrike senkulungwane yesine BC uAristotle sabhala, “Imfundo yomzimba mayibe ngaphambi kwemfundo yengqondo.”
Kodwa i-gymnastics, njengoko siyayazi namhlanje, yavela kwenye indawo yolwazi oluphezulu kunye nengxoxo eshushu: iYurophu yenkulungwane ye-18 neye-19. Apho, njengakwiGrisi yamandulo, ukuba sempilweni ngokomzimba kwakubonwa njengenxalenye ebalulekileyo yobuzwe kunye nokuthanda ilizwe. Iintlangano ezidumileyo ze-gymnastics zelo xesha zazidibanisa zonke ezintathu.
UFriedrich Ludwig Jahn, owayesakuba lijoni lasePrussia, wadana kakhulu kukoyika ukoyiswa kwelizwe lakhe ezandleni zikaNapoleon. Waqamba uhlobo lwejimnastiki olubizwa ngokuba yiTurnen, awayekholelwa ukuba luya kuvuselela ilizwe lakhe.
Owayesakuba lijoni lasePrussia uFriedrich Ludwig Jahn – kamva owaziwa ngokuba “nguYise weGymnastics” – wamkela ifilosofi yexesha loKhanyiso yokuzingca ngesizwe kunye nemfundo.
Emva kokuba iPrussia ihlaselwe yiFransi, uJahn wabona ukoyiswa kwamaJamani njengehlazo lesizwe.
Ukuze aphakamise abantu bakowabo aze adibanise ulutsha, wasebenzisa indlela yokomelela komzimba. UJahn wadala inkqubo yejimnastiki ebizwa ngokuba yi-“Turner” waza wasungula izixhobo ezintsha zabafundi bakhe, kuquka i-double bar, i-evenly bars, i-balance beam, kunye ne-horse stand.
UJahn wasungula imithambo ehlala ixesha elide, kuquka i-vault kunye ne-balance beam, abalandeli bakhe ababeyenza kwiTurner Festivals kulo lonke ilizwe. Kumfanekiso ngabafazi baseHannoversche Musterturnschule besenza kwi-festival eCologne ngo-1928.

Umqadi wokulinganisela wejimnastic

Indlela Ubuzwe Obakhuthaza Ngayo Ukwanda Kwe-Gymnastics

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, abalandeli bakaJahn (owaziwa ngokuba “ngabaTurners”) batshintshiselana ngeengcinga malunga neentshukumo ezifana nezegymnastics zanamhlanje kwizixeko kulo lonke elaseJamani. Baqeqesha izakhono zabo kwi-balance beam kunye ne-pommel horse, bakhwela iileli, iiringi, ukutsiba okude, kunye neminye imisebenzi, konke oku ngelixa besenza imidlalo emikhulu yegymnastics.
KwiTurner Festival, batshintshiselana ngezimvo, bakhuphisana kwi-gymnastics, baze baxoxe ngezopolitiko. Kwiminyaka edlulileyo, bazise izimvo zabo malunga nefilosofi, imfundo, kunye nokuqina komzimba eMelika, kwaye iiklabhu zabo ze-gymnastics zaba ziindawo ezibalulekileyo zoluntu kweli lizwe.
UTurner waba ligunya lezopolitiko eMelika. Uninzi lwashiya ilizwe lakubo kuba beluchasa ubukhosi baseJamani kwaye belangazelela inkululeko. Ngenxa yoko, abanye bamaTurner baba ngabavukeli abaqinileyo nabaxhasi baka-Abraham Lincoln.
Iinkampani ezimbini zeTurners zabonelela ngokhuseleko kuMongameli uLincoln ekumiselweni kwakhe okokuqala, kwaye iTurners yade yaseka iirejimenti zayo kumkhosi we-Union.
Kwangaxeshanye, kwavela elinye iqela laseYurophu elaligxile kwimpilo entle ePrague phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-19. NjengamaTurner, intshukumo yamaSokol yayinamaqela esizwe awayekholelwa ukuba iicawa ezilawulwa ngobuninzi ziya kumanyanisa abantu baseCzech.
Intshukumo yeSokol yaba yeyona ntlangano idumileyo eCzechoslovakia, kwaye imithambo yayo yayiquka imivalo ehambelanayo, imivalo ethe tye, kunye neenkqubo zomgangatho.
UNadia Comăneci waseRomania waba ngumdlali wokuqala wegymnast ukufumana amanqaku ali-10 afanelekileyo kwiOlimpiki yowe-1976. Lo mdlali oneminyaka eli-14 ubudala ubonakala etsiba phezulu ngonyawo olunye ngexesha lomdlalo womgangatho ngaloo nyaka.

Ibha ye-Gymnastics Parallel

I-Gymnastics kwi-Olimpiki

Njengoko udumo lukaTurner noSokol lwalukhula, i-gymnastics yaya ithandwa ngakumbi nangakumbi. Ngo-1881, umdla wamazwe ngamazwe kwi-gymnastics wawukhula, kwaye kwazalwa i-International Gymnastics Federation.
Ngexesha leMidlalo yeOlimpiki yokuqala yanamhlanje ngo-1896, i-gymnastics yayingomnye weminyhadala enyanzelekileyo yomsunguli uPierre de Coubertin.
Amadoda angamashumi asixhenxe ananye akhuphisana kwimidlalo yejimnastics esibhozo, kuquka ukunyuka ngentambo. Akumangalisi ukuba iJamani iphumelele zonke iimbasa, iphumelele igolide ezintlanu, isilivere ezintathu kunye nebronzi ezimbini. IGrisi ilandele ngeembasa ezintandathu, ngelixa iSwitzerland iphumelele ezintathu kuphela.
Kwiminyaka eyalandelayo, i-gymnastics yaba ngumdlalo oneziganeko zokulinganisa amanqaku kunye nokhuphiswano oluqhelekileyo. I-gymnastics yahlulwe yangamacandelo amabini: i-gymnastics yobugcisa, equka i-vault, i-evenly bars, i-balance beam, i-pommel horse, i-static rings, i-parallel bars, i-horizontal bars kunye nomgangatho; kunye ne-rhythmic gymnastics, equka izixhobo ezifana ne-rings, iibhola kunye ne-ribbons. Ngo-1928, abafazi bakhuphisana kwi-Olympic gymnastics okokuqala.
Namhlanje, uSimone Biles wase-United States ngoyena mdlali wejimnast ohlotshiswe kakhulu kwimbali. Izenzo zakhe ezimangalisayo zikhuthaze uloyiko kunye nokuzingca ngesizwe, kuquka ukusebenza kwakhe kwi-Olimpiki zasehlotyeni zika-2016 eRio de Janeiro, apho waphumelela khona imbasa yegolide emine kunye nenye yobhedu.

Ihlazo.

I-gymnastics ikhuthaza umanyano lwesizwe kwaye ibhiyozela umzimba ogqibeleleyo. Kodwa abadlali baye bahlawula ixabiso elikhulu ngenxa yoko. Ingqeqesho ekhuthazwa yi-gymnastics inokukhokelela kwiindlela zoqeqesho ezixhaphazayo, kwaye lo mdlalo ugxekwe ngokukhetha abathathi-nxaxheba abancinci kakhulu.
Ngowama-2016, ugqirha weqela le-Gymnastics laseMelika uLarry Nassar watyholwa ngokuxhaphaza abantwana ngokwesondo. Kwiinyanga ezalandelayo, ihlazo latyhila ihlabathi langasemva kweqonga le-gymnastics, laveza inkcubeko yokuxhatshazwa ngamazwi, ngokweemvakalelo, ngokwasemzimbeni, ngokwesondo kunye nokuthotywa.
Bangaphezulu kwe-150 abadlali bejimnast abanike ubungqina kwityala lokugwetywa kukaNassar, owagwetywa iminyaka engama-60 entolongweni karhulumente ngo-2017.

Isithethe.

I-gymnastics ayiseyonxalenye yentshukumo ebanzi yezopolitiko exhasa ubuzwe kunye nomanyano lwentlalo. Kodwa ukuthandwa kwayo kunye nendima yayo ekuzingceni kwesizwe kuyaqhubeka.
UDavid Clay Large, umfundi ophezulu kwiZiko leZifundo zaseYurophu kwiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, eBerkeley, ubhala kwijenali (iForeign Policy), “Ekugqibeleni, yile nto ithethwa yiOlimpiki.”
Ubhala athi, “Le mibhiyozo ebizwa ngokuba ‘yeyoluntu ngokubanzi’ iphumelela kuba ibonakalisa oko izama ukukudlula: iminqweno yesizwe esisiseko ehlabathini.”