Inkomoko y'imikino ngororamubiri ishobora gukomoka mu Bugereki bwa kera. Ariko ubwenegihugu bw'igihugu bwatumye imikino ngororamubiri igezweho izamuka kuva mu ntambara za Napoleon kugeza mu gihe cy'Abasoviyeti.
Umugabo wambaye ubusa akora imyitozo ngororamubiri yambaye piazza. Umurinzi w’umunyacyubahiro mu irahira rya Abraham Lincoln. Abangavu bagufi bahaguruka hasi mu rukurikirane rw’amajwi menshi yo gusimbuka no kuzunguruka. Aya mashusho si impanuka - yose ni igice cy’amateka ya siporo.
Kubera ko abakinnyi nka Simone Biles na Kohei Uchimura bazamutse, uyu mukino wabaye umwe mu mikino ikunzwe cyane mu mikino Olempike. Imyitozo ngororamubiri ntiyahoraga ikubiyemo imigozi idahuye cyangwa umuvuduko wo kuringaniza umupira – imyitozo ngororamubiri yo mu ntangiriro yarimo gukora ibintu bitandukanye nko kuzamuka imigozi no gusimbuza inkoni. Ariko mu iterambere ryayo kuva ku muco wa kera w’Abagereki kugeza ku mukino wa none Olempike, imyitozo ngororamubiri yahoraga ifitanye isano rya bugufi n’ishema ry’igihugu n’akaranga kayo.
Abakinnyi ba kera b'Abagereki bakunze kwitoza ubuhanga bwabo mu mikino ngororamubiri bambaye ubusa. Aba bakinnyi ba mbere ba gymnastics batozaga imibiri yabo ku rugamba.
Inkomoko y'imyitozo ngororamubiri
Uyu mukino watangiriye mu Bugereki bwa kera. Mu Bugereki bwa kera, abasore bakorerwaga imyitozo ikomeye y’umubiri n’iy’ubwonko yo kurwana. Iri jambo rikomoka ku ijambo ry’ikigereki ryigisha siporo, "bambaye ubusa" - rikwiye, kubera ko abasore bitozaga bambaye ubusa, bakora imyitozo ngororamubiri, baterura ibyuma kandi bahangana hasi.
Ku Bagereki, imyitozo ngororamubiri no kwiga byajyanaga. Nk’uko bivugwa n’umuhanga mu by’amateka ya siporo R. Scott Kretchmar, imyitozo ngororamubiri abasore b’Abagereki bigishaga yari “ahantu ho kwigira no kuvumbura”—aho abasore bigaga ubugeni n’ubwenge. Umuhanga mu bya filozofiya w’Umugereki wo mu kinyejana cya kane mbere ya Yesu, Aristote, yanditse ati: “Uburezi bw’umubiri bugomba kubanza kwigisha ubwenge.”
Ariko imikino ngororamubiri, nk'uko tuyizi muri iki gihe, yaturutse ku kindi gice cy'ubumenyi n'impaka zikomeye: mu Burayi bwo mu kinyejana cya 18 na 19. Aho ngaho, kimwe no mu Bugereki bwa kera, kugira ubuzima bwiza bw'umubiri byafatwaga nk'igice cy'ingenzi cy'ubwenegihugu no gukunda igihugu. Amashyirahamwe y'imikino ngororamubiri yari akunzwe cyane muri icyo gihe yahuzaga ibyo bitatu.
Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, wahoze ari umusirikare wa Prussia, yacitse intege kubera ko igihugu cye cyatsinzwe na Napoleon. Yavumbuye ubwoko bw'imikino ngororamubiri bwitwa Turnen, yizeraga ko buzongera guha imbaraga igihugu cye.
Friedrich Ludwig Jahn wahoze ari umusirikare wo muri Prussia – nyuma yaje kwitwa “Se w’imikino ngororamubiri” – yemeye filozofiya y’igihe cyo gukanguka y’igihugu n’uburezi.
Nyuma y'uko Prussia yigaruriwe n'Ubufaransa, Jahn yabonye ko gutsindwa kw'Abadage ari igisebo cy'igihugu.
Kugira ngo ateze imbere abaturage be no guhuza urubyiruko, yifashishije imyitozo ngororamubiri. Jahn yashinze uburyo bwo gukora siporo bwitwa "Turner" kandi avumbura ibikoresho bishya by’abanyeshuri be, birimo double bar, uneven bars, balance beam, na standing y’ifarashi.
Jahn yavumbuye imyitozo ihoraho, harimo n'imyitozo yo kuzenguruka no kugabanya uburebure, abayoboke be bayikoreye mu maserukiramuco ya Turner mu gihugu hose. Ku ifoto hari abagore bo muri Hannoversche Musterturnschule baririmba mu iserukiramuco ryabereye i Cologne mu 1928.
Uburyo Ubwenegihugu bwatumye imikino ngororamubiri itera imbere
Mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 19, abayoboke ba Jahn (uzwi ku izina rya "Turners") bahanahana ibitekerezo ku bijyanye n'ingendo nk'izisanzwe zikorwa muri iki gihe mu mijyi yo mu Budage. Batoje ubuhanga bwabo ku ifarashi yo kuringaniza amaguru n'amaboko, kuzamuka urwego, ku mpande, gusimbuka ndende, n'ibindi bikorwa, byose mu gihe bakoraga imikino minini ya siporo.
Mu Iserukiramuco rya Turner, bungurana ibitekerezo, bagahangana muri siporo, kandi bakaganira kuri politiki. Mu myaka yashize, bazanye ibitekerezo byabo ku bijyanye na filozofiya, uburezi, n'ubuzima bwiza muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, kandi amatsinda yabo ya siporo yabaye ingenzi mu baturage muri icyo gihugu.
Turner yanabaye ingufu za politiki muri Amerika. Benshi basize igihugu cyabo cy’amavuko kubera ko barwanyaga ubwami bw’Abadage kandi bifuzaga ubwisanzure. Ingaruka zabyo ni uko bamwe mu Batutsi babaye abashyigikiye cyane Abraham Lincoln.
Amatsinda abiri ya Turners yashinzwe kurinda Perezida Lincoln ubwo yahiriraga ku butegetsi bwa mbere, ndetse Turners yanashinze imitwe yayo mu ngabo za Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika.
Hagati aho, irindi tsinda ry’Abanyaburayi ryibanda ku myitozo ngororamubiri ryavutse i Prague hagati mu kinyejana cya 19. Kimwe n’Abaturner, umuryango wa Sokol wari ugizwe n’abaharaniraga igihugu bemeraga ko abakalisthenike benshi bahuzaga abaturage ba Tchèque.
Umuryango wa Sokol wabaye umuryango ukunzwe cyane muri Cekosilovakiya, kandi imyitozo yawo yari ikubiyemo utubari duhuriranye, utubari dutambitse, n'ibikorwa byo hasi.
Nadia Comăneci wo muri Rumaniya yabaye umukinnyi wa mbere w’imikino ngororamubiri w’umugore watsinze amanota 10 meza mu mikino Olempike yo mu 1976. Uyu mukinnyi w’imyaka 14 agaragara asimbuka hejuru n’ikirenge kimwe mu gihe cyo gukora imyitozo yo hasi muri uwo mwaka.
Imyitozo ngororamubiri mu mikino Olempike
Uko Turner na Sokol bagendaga bakundwa cyane, niko imikino ngororamubiri yarushijeho gukundwa. Mu 1881, ubushake mpuzamahanga mu mikino ngororamubiri bwari buri kwiyongera, maze ishyirahamwe mpuzamahanga ry’imikino ngororamubiri riravuka.
Mu mikino Olempike ya mbere yo muri iki gihe mu 1896, gymnastics yari imwe mu mikino yategetswe n'uwashinze imikino Pierre de Coubertin.
Abagabo mirongo irindwi n'umwe bitabiriye irushanwa rya siporo umunani, harimo no kuzamuka imigozi. Ntibitangaje kuba Ubudage bwaratsinze imidari yose, butwara imidari itanu ya zahabu, itatu ya feza n'ibiri ya bronze. Ubugereki bwakurikiyeho n'imidari itandatu, mu gihe Ubusuwisi bwegukana itatu gusa.
Mu myaka yakurikiyeho, gymnastics yagiye ihinduka siporo ifite amanota n'amarushanwa asanzwe. Gymnastics igabanyijemo ibice bibiri: gymnastics y'ubuhanzi, irimo vault, uneven bars, balance beam, pommel horse, static rings, parallel bars, horizontal bars na floor; na gymnastics y'imitsi, irimo ibikoresho nk'impeta, imipira n'imigozi. Mu 1928, abagore bitabiriye gymnastics Olempike ku nshuro ya mbere.
Muri iki gihe, Simone Biles wo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ni we mukinnyi w’imikino ngororamubiri ufite imitako myinshi mu mateka. Ibikorwa bye bitangaje byateye ubwoba n’ishema ry’igihugu, harimo no kwitwara neza mu mikino Olempike yo mu mpeshyi yabereye i Rio de Janeiro mu 2016, aho yatsindiye umudari wa zahabu une n’umwe w’umuringa.
Igitutsi.
Imyitozo ngororamubiri itera inkunga ubumwe bw'igihugu kandi ikishimira umubiri utunganye. Ariko abakinnyi barabihebye cyane. Imyitozo ngororamubiri iteza imbere ishobora gutuma habaho imyitozo mibi, kandi siporo yanenzwe kuba ishyigikira abitabira bakiri bato cyane.
Mu 2016, umuganga w’ikipe ya siporo muri Amerika, Larry Nassar, yashinjwe guhohotera abana. Mu mezi yakurikiyeho, habayeho ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina ryagaragaye mu isi y’imikino ngororamubiri, rigaragaza umuco wo guhohotera mu magambo, mu marangamutima, ku mubiri, mu mibonano mpuzabitsina no mu gukandamizwa.
Abakinnyi ba siporo barenga 150 batanze ubuhamya mu iburanisha ry’urubanza rwa Nassar, wakatiwe igifungo cy’imyaka 60 muri gereza ya leta mu 2017.
Umuco gakondo.
Siporo ntabwo ikiri igice cy’ishyaka rya politiki riharanira ubwenegihugu n’ubufatanye mu mibereho myiza y’abaturage. Ariko gukundwa kwayo n’uruhare rwayo mu ishema ry’igihugu biracyakomeje.
David Clay Large, umunyeshuri mukuru mu kigo cy’ubushakashatsi bw’i Burayi muri Kaminuza ya California, Berkeley, yanditse mu kinyamakuru (Foreign Policy) agira ati: “Amaherezo, ibi nibyo imikino Olempike igamije.”
Yanditse ati: “Izi birori byitwa 'iby’isi yose' bigerwaho neza kuko bigaragaza icyo bagerageza kurenga: imyumvire y’ibanze y’imiryango ku isi.”
Uwasohoye:
Igihe cyo kohereza: Werurwe-28-2025
