Chiyambi cha masewera olimbitsa thupi chimachokera ku Girisi wakale. Koma kukondetsa dziko lapansi kwakhala kukuyendetsa kukwera kwa masewera olimbitsa thupi amakono kuchokera ku Nkhondo za Napoleonic kupita ku nthawi ya Soviet.
Munthu wamaliseche akuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi mu piazza. stoic bodyguard pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Abraham Lincoln. Achinyamata ochepera akukwera kuchokera pansi motsatizanatsatizana ndikudumphadumpha. Zithunzizi sizongochitika mwangozi - zonsezi ndi mbali ya mbiri ya masewera olimbitsa thupi.
Ndi kukwera kwa othamanga monga Simone Biles ndi Kohei Uchimura, masewerawa akhala amodzi mwa zochitika zokondedwa kwambiri mu Olimpiki. Masewera olimbitsa thupi nthawi zonse sankakhala ndi mipiringidzo yosiyana kapena mtengo wokwanira - masewera olimbitsa thupi oyambirira ankaphatikizapo kukwera zingwe ndi kukwera kwa baton. Koma pakusinthika kwake kuchokera ku miyambo yakale yachi Greek kupita kumasewera amakono a Olimpiki, masewera olimbitsa thupi nthawi zonse akhala akugwirizana kwambiri ndi kunyada kwa dziko komanso kudziwika.
Ochita masewera achigiriki akale ankakonda kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi amaliseche. Ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi oyambirirawa ankaphunzitsa matupi awo kunkhondo.
Chiyambi cha Gymnastics
Masewerawa adachokera ku Girisi wakale. Mu Greece wakale, anyamata anaphunzitsidwa mwamphamvu zakuthupi ndi zamaganizo zankhondo. Mawuwa amachokera ku Greek gymnos, "maliseche" - oyenera, popeza anyamata amaphunzitsidwa maliseche, kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi, kukweza zolemera ndi kupikisana wina ndi mzake pansi.
Kwa Agiriki, kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi ndi kuphunzira kunkayendera limodzi. Malinga ndi kunena kwa wolemba mbiri ya zamaseŵera R. Scott Kretchmar, malo ochitirako maseŵero amene anyamata Achigiriki ankaphunzitsidwa anali “malo a maphunziro ndi zotulukira”—malo a chitaganya kumene anyamata anaphunzitsidwa luso lakuthupi ndi luntha. Wafilosofi wachigiriki wa m’zaka za m’ma 300 B.C.E., Aristotle analemba kuti: “Maphunziro a thupi ayenera kuyamba kuphunzitsidwa maganizo.”
Koma masewera olimbitsa thupi, monga tikudziwira lero, adachokera ku malo ena otentha a luntha ndi kukangana koopsa: ku Ulaya kwa zaka za m'ma 18 ndi 19. Kumeneko, monga mmene zinalili ku Girisi wakale, kukhala wathanzi kunkaonedwa ngati chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa kukhala nzika ndiponso kukonda dziko lako. Magulu otchuka ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi a nthawi imeneyo anaphatikiza onse atatu.
Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, yemwe kale anali msilikali wa ku Prussia, anakhumudwa ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa dziko lake ndi Napoleon. Anapanga mawonekedwe a masewera olimbitsa thupi otchedwa Turnen, omwe amakhulupirira kuti angatsitsimutse dziko lake.
Msilikali wakale wa ku Prussia Friedrich Ludwig Jahn - yemwe pambuyo pake anadzadziwika kuti "Father of Gymnastics" - analandira filosofi ya nyengo ya Kuwala ya kunyada ndi maphunziro a dziko.
Prussia italandidwa ndi dziko la France, Jahn anaona kugonjetsedwa kwa Ajeremani kukhala chochititsa manyazi dziko.
Kuti akweze anthu amtundu wake ndi kugwirizanitsa achinyamata, adatembenukira ku thanzi labwino. Jahn adapanga njira yochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi yotchedwa "Turner" ndipo adapanga zida zatsopano za ophunzira ake, kuphatikiza mipiringidzo iwiri, mipiringidzo yosagwirizana, mtengo wokwanira, ndi kavalo.
Jahn adapanga masewera olimbitsa thupi okhalitsa, kuphatikiza chipika chapamwamba ndi chowongolera, chomwe otsatira ake adachita pa Turner Festivals m'dziko lonselo. Pazithunzi ndi azimayi ochokera ku Hannoversche Musterturnschule akuchita nawo chikondwerero ku Cologne mu 1928.
Momwe Utundu Wadziko Unathandizira Kukula kwa Masewera Olimbitsa Thupi
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1800, otsatira a Jahn (otchedwa “Turners”) ankasinthana maganizo okhudza maseŵera olimbitsa thupi amakono m’mizinda ya ku Germany. Anaphunzitsa luso lawo pa mtengo wa balansi ndi kavalo wa pommel, makwerero okwera, mphete, kudumpha kwautali, ndi ntchito zina, pamene anali kuchita maseŵero aakulu a maseŵera olimbitsa thupi.
Pa Phwando la Turner, amasinthanitsa malingaliro, amapikisana pamasewera olimbitsa thupi, ndikukambirana ndale. Kwa zaka zambiri, anabweretsa malingaliro awo okhudza filosofi, maphunziro, ndi kulimbitsa thupi ku United States, ndipo makalabu awo a masewera olimbitsa thupi anakhala malo ofunika kwambiri a anthu m'dzikoli.
Turner adakhalanso gulu lazandale ku America. Ambiri anachoka kwawo chifukwa chotsutsa ufumu wa Germany ndipo ankalakalaka ufulu. Zotsatira zake, ena a Turners adakhala otsutsa komanso othandizira Abraham Lincoln.
Makampani awiri a Turners adateteza Purezidenti Lincoln pakutsegulira kwake koyamba, ndipo Turners adapanga magulu awoawo mu gulu lankhondo la Union.
Panthawiyi, gulu lina la ku Ulaya lokonda kulimbitsa thupi linayambika ku Prague chapakati pa zaka za m’ma 1800. Monga Turners, gulu la Sokol linapangidwa ndi okonda dziko omwe amakhulupirira kuti ma calisthenics ogwirizana kwambiri adzagwirizanitsa anthu a ku Czech.
Gulu la Sokol linakhala bungwe lodziwika kwambiri ku Czechoslovakia, ndipo zochitika zake zinaphatikizapo mipiringidzo yofanana, mipiringidzo yopingasa, ndi machitidwe apansi.
Nadia Comăneci waku Romania adakhala mkazi woyamba kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi kukwanitsa 10 pamasewera a Olimpiki a 1976. Wothamanga wazaka 14 akujambulidwa akudumpha pamwamba ndi phazi limodzi panthawi yomwe amachitira pansi chaka chimenecho.
Gymnastics pa Masewera a Olimpiki
Pamene kutchuka kwa Turner ndi Sokol kunakula, masewera olimbitsa thupi adakula kwambiri. Pofika m'chaka cha 1881, chidwi cha mayiko pa masewera olimbitsa thupi chinali kukula, ndipo International Gymnastics Federation inayamba.
M'maseŵera amakono a Olimpiki oyambirira mu 1896, masewera olimbitsa thupi anali chimodzi mwa zochitika zokakamiza kwa woyambitsa Pierre de Coubertin.
Amuna makumi asanu ndi awiri ndi mmodzi adapikisana nawo masewera asanu ndi atatu, kuphatikizapo kukwera zingwe. Mosadabwitsa, Germany inasesa mamendulo onse, ndikupeza golide zisanu, siliva zitatu ndi bronze ziwiri. Greece inatsatira ndi mamendulo 6, pamene Switzerland inapambana katatu.
M’zaka zotsatira, maseŵera olimbitsa thupi pang’onopang’ono anakhala maseŵera okhala ndi zigoli zofanana ndi zochitika zampikisano. Masewera olimbitsa thupi amagawidwa m'magawo awiri: masewera olimbitsa thupi, omwe amaphatikizapo chipinda, mipiringidzo yosagwirizana, mtengo wamtengo wapatali, kavalo wa pommel, mphete zokhazikika, mipiringidzo yofanana, mipiringidzo yopingasa ndi pansi; ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi a rhythmic, omwe amaphatikizapo zida monga mphete, mipira ndi maliboni.
Masiku ano, Simone Biles wa ku United States ndi katswiri wa masewera olimbitsa thupi okongoletsedwa kwambiri m'mbiri yonse. Zochita zake zochititsa chidwi zachititsa chidwi komanso kunyadira dziko lonse, kuphatikizapo momwe adachitira pa Masewera a Olimpiki a Chilimwe a 2016 ku Rio de Janeiro, komwe adapambana mendulo zinayi zagolide ndi imodzi yamkuwa.
Zoyipa.
Gymnastics imalimbikitsa mgwirizano wa dziko ndikukondwerera thupi langwiro. Koma othamanga alipira mtengo wokwera chifukwa cha izi. Chilango chimene masewera olimbitsa thupi amalimbikitsa chingapangitse mosavuta njira zophunzitsira zachipongwe, ndipo masewerawa akhala akudzudzulidwa chifukwa chokondera achinyamata omwe atenga nawo mbali.
Mu 2016, dokotala wa gulu la Gymnastics ku USA Larry Nassar anaimbidwa mlandu wozunza ana. M’miyezi yotsatira, nkhani yochititsa manyazi inavumbulutsa dziko la kuseri kwa maseŵera olimbitsa thupi, likuvumbula chikhalidwe cha kulankhula mawu, maganizo, kugwiriridwa, kugonana ndi kugonja.
Ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi opitilira 150 adachitira umboni pamlandu woweruza Nassar, yemwe adaweruzidwa zaka 60 m'ndende ya federal mu 2017.
Mwambo.
Masewera olimbitsa thupi salinso mbali ya gulu la ndale lomwe limakomera dziko komanso mgwirizano pakati pa anthu. Koma kutchuka kwake ndi ntchito yake mu kunyada kwa dziko kumapitirirabe.
David Clay Large, mkulu wa pa Center for European Studies pa yunivesite ya California, Berkeley, analemba m’magazini yotchedwa (Foreign Policy), “Potsirizira pake, izi ndi zimene maseŵera a Olimpiki amanena.”
Iye analemba kuti: “Zikondwerero zotchedwa ‘cosmopolitan’ zimenezi zimapambana ndendende chifukwa zimasonyeza zimene zikuyesera kuti zipambane: chibadwa chachibadwa cha mafuko.”
Wosindikiza:
Nthawi yotumiza: Mar-28-2025
