Chiyambi cha masewera olimbitsa thupi chimachokera ku Greece wakale. Koma kukonda dziko kwakhala kukuyambitsa kukwera kwa masewera olimbitsa thupi amakono kuyambira Nkhondo za Napoleon mpaka nthawi ya Soviet Union.
Mwamuna wamaliseche akuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi atavala piazza. Mlonda wodziletsa pa mwambo wotsegulira Abraham Lincoln. Achinyamata ochepa akudzuka pansi modabwitsa akutembenuka ndi kudumpha. Zithunzi izi si zangozi - zonse ndi gawo la mbiri ya masewera olimbitsa thupi.
Popeza othamanga ambiri monga Simone Biles ndi Kohei Uchimura ayamba kutchuka, masewerawa akhala amodzi mwa masewera otchuka kwambiri pa Olimpiki. Masewera olimbitsa thupi nthawi zonse sankaphatikizapo mipiringidzo yosafanana kapena balance beam - masewera olimbitsa thupi oyambirira ankaphatikizapo kuyenda mozungulira monga kukwera chingwe ndi kugwedeza ndodo. Koma chifukwa cha kusintha kwake kuchokera ku miyambo yakale yachi Greek kupita ku masewera amakono a Olimpiki, masewera olimbitsa thupi nthawi zonse akhala akugwirizana kwambiri ndi kunyada kwa dziko komanso kudziwika.
Ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi akale achi Greek nthawi zambiri ankachita masewera olimbitsa thupi ali amaliseche. Ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi oyambirirawa ankaphunzitsa matupi awo nkhondo.
Chiyambi cha Masewera Olimbitsa Thupi
Masewerawa anayambira ku Greece wakale. Mu Greece wakale, anyamata ankaphunzitsidwa mwamphamvu thupi ndi maganizo kuti amenye nkhondo. Mawuwa amachokera ku mawu achigiriki oti "amaliseche" - oyenera, popeza anyamata ankaphunzitsidwa amaliseche, kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi, kunyamula zolemera komanso kupikisana wina ndi mnzake pansi.
Kwa Agiriki, kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi ndi kuphunzira zinkayendera limodzi. Malinga ndi katswiri wa mbiri ya masewera R. Scott Kretchmar, malo ochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi kumene anyamata achigiriki ankaphunzitsira anali “malo ophunzirira ndi kupeza zinthu zatsopano”—malo ammudzi kumene anyamata ankaphunzitsidwa zaluso zakuthupi ndi zanzeru. Katswiri wafilosofi wachigiriki wa m’zaka za m’ma 300 BC, Aristotle, analemba kuti, “Maphunziro a thupi ayenera kuyamba ndi maphunziro a maganizo.”
Koma masewera olimbitsa thupi, monga momwe tikudziwira masiku ano, adachokera ku malo ena ophunzirira nzeru ndi mkangano waukulu: ku Ulaya kwa zaka za m'ma 1700 ndi 1800. Kumeneko, monga momwe zinalili ku Greece wakale, kukhala wathanzi kunkaonedwa ngati gawo lofunika kwambiri la nzika komanso kukonda dziko lako. Magulu otchuka a masewera olimbitsa thupi a nthawi imeneyo anaphatikiza zonse zitatu.
Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, yemwe kale anali msilikali wa ku Prussia, anakhumudwa kwambiri ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa dziko lake ndi Napoleon. Iye anayambitsa mtundu wa masewera olimbitsa thupi otchedwa Turnen, womwe ankakhulupirira kuti ungabwezeretsenso dziko lake.
Msilikali wakale wa ku Prussia, Friedrich Ludwig Jahn – yemwe pambuyo pake anadziwika kuti “Bambo wa Masewera Olimbitsa Thupi” – anatsatira mfundo za nthawi ya Chidziwitso zokhudza kunyada ndi maphunziro a dziko.
Pambuyo poti dziko la Prussia lalandidwa ndi dziko la France, Jahn anaona kugonjetsedwa kwa dziko la Germany ngati manyazi a dzikolo.
Pofuna kukweza anthu am'dziko lake ndikugwirizanitsa achinyamata, adagwiritsa ntchito luso lake lolimbitsa thupi. Jahn adapanga njira yochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi yotchedwa "Turner" ndipo adapanga zida zatsopano za ophunzira ake, kuphatikizapo bar awiri, bar yosafanana, balance beam, ndi kavalo.
Jahn adapanga masewera olimbitsa thupi okhazikika, kuphatikizapo vault ndi balance beam, zomwe otsatira ake adachita pa Turner Festivals mdziko lonselo. Pachithunzichi pali akazi ochokera ku Hannoversche Musterturnschule akuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi pa chikondwererochi ku Cologne mu 1928.
Mmene Ufulu Wadziko Unathandizira Kukula kwa Masewera Olimbitsa Thupi
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, otsatira a Jahn (odziwika kuti “Turners”) ankasinthana malingaliro okhudza mayendedwe ofanana ndi a masiku ano a masewera olimbitsa thupi m'mizinda yonse ya Germany. Anaphunzitsa luso lawo pa kukwera makwerero, kudumphadumpha, ndi zina zotero, zonse pamene akuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi akuluakulu.
Pa Chikondwerero cha Turner, amagawana malingaliro, amapikisana pa masewera olimbitsa thupi, komanso amakambirana za ndale. Kwa zaka zambiri, adabweretsa malingaliro awo okhudza filosofi, maphunziro, ndi kulimbitsa thupi ku United States, ndipo makalabu awo a masewera olimbitsa thupi adakhala malo ofunikira kwambiri m'dzikolo.
Turner nayenso anakhala gulu landale ku America. Ambiri anasiya dziko lawo chifukwa chotsutsa ufumu wa Germany ndipo ankalakalaka ufulu. Zotsatira zake n’zakuti, anthu ena a ku Turner anakhala otsutsa kwambiri kuchotsedwa kwa ulamuliro wa Abraham Lincoln komanso ochirikiza ulamuliro wa Abraham Lincoln.
Makampani awiri a Turners adateteza Purezidenti Lincoln pa nthawi yoyamba yolonjezedwa kukhala mtsogoleri wa dzikolo, ndipo Turners adakhazikitsa magulu awoawo ankhondo mu gulu lankhondo la Union.
Pakadali pano, gulu lina lachipembedzo la ku Ulaya lokonda kulimbitsa thupi linayamba ku Prague pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1800. Mofanana ndi a Turner, gulu la Sokol linali ndi anthu okonda dziko lawo omwe ankakhulupirira kuti anthu ambiri okonda kulambira Mulungu angagwirizanitse anthu a ku Czech.
Gulu la Sokol linakhala bungwe lodziwika kwambiri ku Czechoslovakia, ndipo maseŵera ake anali ndi mipiringidzo yofanana, mipiringidzo yopingasa, ndi machitidwe a pansi.
Nadia Comăneci wa ku Romania anakhala katswiri woyamba wa masewera olimbitsa thupi kupeza ma 10 abwino kwambiri pa masewera a Olimpiki a 1976. Wosewera wazaka 14yu akujambulidwa akudumphadumpha ndi phazi limodzi panthawi yochita masewera olimbitsa thupi chaka chimenecho.
Masewera olimbitsa thupi pa Olimpiki
Pamene kutchuka kwa Turner ndi Sokol kunakula, masewera olimbitsa thupi anayamba kutchuka kwambiri. Pofika mu 1881, chidwi cha mayiko onse pa masewera olimbitsa thupi chinali kukula, ndipo bungwe la International Gymnastics Federation linabadwa.
Pa Masewera a Olimpiki amakono oyamba mu 1896, masewera olimbitsa thupi anali chimodzi mwa zochitika zofunika kwambiri kwa woyambitsa Pierre de Coubertin.
Amuna 71 adapikisana pamasewera asanu ndi atatu olimbitsa thupi, kuphatikizapo kukwera chingwe. Mosadabwitsa, Germany idapambana mendulo zonse, ndikupambana mendulo zisanu zagolide, zitatu zasiliva ndi ziwiri zamkuwa. Greece idatsatira ndi mendulo zisanu ndi chimodzi, pomwe Switzerland idapambana zitatu zokha.
M'zaka zotsatira, masewera olimbitsa thupi pang'onopang'ono anakhala masewera okhala ndi zochitika zodziwika bwino zogoletsa zigoli komanso mpikisano. Masewera olimbitsa thupi amagawidwa m'magawo awiri: masewera olimbitsa thupi aluso, omwe akuphatikizapo vault, evenneven bars, balance beam, pommel horse, static rings, parallel bars, horizontal bars ndi floor; ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi a rhythmic, omwe akuphatikizapo zida monga mphete, mipira ndi riboni. Mu 1928, akazi adapikisana mu masewera olimbitsa thupi a Olimpiki koyamba.
Masiku ano, Simone Biles wa ku United States ndiye katswiri wa masewera olimbitsa thupi wolemekezeka kwambiri m'mbiri yonse. Zochita zake zodabwitsa zapangitsa kuti anthu azidabwa komanso azinyadira dziko lawo, kuphatikizapo momwe adasewerera pa Masewera a Olimpiki a Chilimwe a 2016 ku Rio de Janeiro, komwe adapambana mendulo zinayi zagolide ndi imodzi yamkuwa.
Zonyansa.
Maseŵera olimbitsa thupi amalimbikitsa mgwirizano wa dziko lonse ndipo amakondwerera thupi langwiro. Koma othamanga alipira mtengo waukulu chifukwa cha izi. Maphunziro omwe maseŵera olimbitsa thupi amalimbikitsa angayambitse njira zophunzitsira zopanda pake, ndipo masewerawa atsutsidwa chifukwa chokonda achinyamata omwe akuchita nawo masewerawa.
Mu 2016, dokotala wa timu ya Gymnastics ku USA, Larry Nassar, anaimbidwa mlandu wochitira nkhanza ana. M'miyezi yotsatira, nkhani yochititsa manyazi inavumbulutsa dziko la masewera olimbitsa thupi lomwe linkachitika m'seri, powulula chikhalidwe cha mawu, malingaliro, thupi, nkhanza zogonana komanso kuponderezedwa.
Ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi oposa 150 anapereka umboni pa mlandu wokhudza Nassar, yemwe adaweruzidwa kuti akhale m'ndende zaka 60 mu 2017.
Mwambo.
Masewera olimbitsa thupi salinso mbali ya gulu lalikulu landale lolimbikitsa dziko ndi mgwirizano pakati pa anthu. Koma kutchuka kwake ndi udindo wake pa kunyada kwa dziko lake zikupitirirabe.
David Clay Large, katswiri wamkulu ku Center for European Studies ku University of California, Berkeley, akulemba mu magazini (Foreign Policy), "Pomaliza, ichi ndi chomwe Olimpiki imachita."
Iye akulemba kuti, “Zikondwerero zimenezi zotchedwa ‘za anthu ochokera m’mitundu yonse’ zimapambana chifukwa zimasonyeza zomwe akuyesera kupitirira: chibadwa cha mafuko choyambira kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.”
Wofalitsa:
Nthawi yotumizira: Marichi-28-2025
