Ka taea te whai i ngā takenga mai o te mahi whakapakari tinana i Kariki onamata. Engari ko te iwi whānui te take i piki ake ai te rongonui o ngā mahi whakapakari tinana hou mai i ngā Pakanga a Napoleon ki te wā o te Soviet Union.
He tangata tahanga e whakakorikori tinana ana i te piazza. He kaitiaki pono i te whakatūnga o Abraham Lincoln. He taiohi iti e ara ake ana i te whenua i roto i te raupapa hurihuri me te pekepeke. Ehara i te mea tūpono ēnei whakaahua - he wāhanga katoa o te hītori o te whare takaro tinana.
Nā te aranga ake o ngā kaitākaro pērā i a Simone Biles rāua ko Kohei Uchimura, kua noho te hākinakina hei tētahi o ngā kaupapa tino arohaina i ngā Olympics. Kāore i te wā katoa i whakaurua ngā pae kore taurite, te kurupae taurite rānei ki ngā mahi whakapakari tinana – i whakaurua ngā mahi whakapakari tinana o mua ki ngā nekehanga pērā i te piki taura me te piu tokotoko. Engari i roto i tōna whanaketanga mai i te tikanga Kariki onamata ki te hākinakina Olympics o ēnei rā, kua honoa tonu te mahi whakapakari tinana ki te whakahīhī me te tuakiri o te motu.
I te nuinga o te wā ka whakaharatau ngā kaitākaro Kariki o mua i ā rātou pūkenga whakakorikori tinana i te wā e tū tahanga ana. I whakangungu ēnei kaitākaro whakakorikori tinana o mua i ō rātou tinana mō te pakanga.
Te Pūtake o te Takaro Tinana
I ahu mai te hākinakina i Kariki onamata. I Kariki onamata, i whakangungua ngā tāne taitamariki ki te tinana me te hinengaro mō te pakanga. Nō te kupu Kariki gymnos te kupu, "tahanga" - he tika, nā te mea i whakangungu tahanga ngā tāne taitamariki, i mahi whakakori tinana, i hiki taumaha, i whakataetae tetahi ki tetahi i runga i te papa.
Ki ngā Kariki, i haere tahi te korikori tinana me te ako. E ai ki te kaituhi hītori hākinakina a R. Scott Kretchmar, ko ngā whare takaro i whakangungua ai ngā taitama Kariki he "pokapū mātauranga me te tūhuratanga" - he pokapū hapori i whakaakona ai ngā taitama ki ngā toi tinana me ngā toi hinengaro. I tuhituhi te tohunga whakaaro Kariki o te rautau tuawhā BC, a Aristotle, "Me mua te mātauranga o te tinana i te mātauranga o te hinengaro."
Engari ko te mahi whakapakari tinana, e mōhiotia ana i ēnei rā, i ahu mai i tētahi atu pūtake o te hinengaro me te tautohetohe wera: i Ūropi i te rautau 18 me te 19. I reira, pērā i Kariki onamata, i kitea te hauora tinana hei wāhanga nui o te tūnga tangata whenua me te aroha whenua. I whakakotahihia ngā rōpū mahi whakapakari tinana rongonui o taua wā i ēnei mea e toru.
I pouri a Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, he hōia o mua nō Prussia, i te hinganga o tōna whenua i te ringa o Napoleon. I hangaia e ia tētahi momo mahi whakapakari tinana e kiia nei ko Turnen, ā, i whakapono ia ka whakaora anō i tōna whenua.
I awhi a Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, he hōia Prussia o mua – i muri mai ka mōhiotia ko te "Matua o ngā Takahurihuri Tinana" – i te rapunga whakaaro o te wā o te Māramatanga mō te whakahīhī ā-motu me te mātauranga.
I muri i te whakaekenga a Parani i a Prussia, i titiro a Jahn ki te hinganga o Tiamana he mea whakama mō te motu.
Hei whakatairanga i ōna iwi whenua, hei whakakotahi hoki i te rangatahi, i tahuri ia ki te whakapakari tinana. I hangaia e Jahn tētahi pūnaha whakapakari tinana e kiia nei ko "Turner" ā, i hangaia hoki e ia he taputapu hou mō āna ākonga, tae atu ki te pae takirua, ngā pae kore taurite, te kurupae taurite, me te tū hōiho.
Nā Jahn i tito ngā mahi whakakori tinana pumau, tae atu ki te pekepeke me te kurupae taurite, i whakahaerehia e āna akonga i ngā Hakari Turner puta noa i te motu. Kei roto i te pikitia ngā wāhine o te Hannoversche Musterturnschule e mahi ana i te hakari i Cologne i te tau 1928.
Te Āhua o te Whakangungu Tinana nā te Motu
I te tīmatanga o te rautau 19, i whakawhitiwhiti whakaaro ngā akonga o Jahn (e mōhiotia ana ko "Turners") mō ngā nekehanga rite ki ngā mahi whakapakari tinana o ēnei rā i ngā tāone puta noa i Tiamana. I whakangungu rātou i ō rātou pūkenga ki te kurupae taurite me te hōiho pommel, i piki arawhata, i ngā mowhiti, i ngā peke roa, me ētahi atu mahi, me te whakaatu i ngā whakaaturanga whakapakari tinana nui.
I te Hakari Turner, ka whakawhitiwhiti whakaaro rātou, ka whakataetae i roto i ngā mahi whakapakari tinana, ka kōrero hoki mō ngā mahi tōrangapū. I roto i ngā tau, i kawea mai e rātou ō rātou whakaaro mō te rapunga whakaaro, te mātauranga, me te oranga tinana ki te Hononga o Amerika, ā, ko ā rātou karapu whakapakari tinana i noho hei pokapū hapori nui i te motu.
I riro anō hoki a Turner hei mana tōrangapū i Amerika. He tokomaha i whakarērea ō rātou whenua tupu nā te mea i ātete rātou ki te mana ariki o Tiamana, ā, i hiahia hoki kia herekore. Nā reira, ko ētahi o ngā Turner i noho hei hunga whakahē i te mana o te kāwanatanga, hei kaitautoko hoki i a Abraham Lincoln.
E rua ngā kamupene o Turner i tiaki i a Perehitini Lincoln i tana whakatūnga tuatahi, ā, i whakatūria e Turner ā rātou ake ope taua i roto i te ope taua o te Uniana.
I taua wā anō, i ara ake tētahi atu rōpū Pākehā e aro nui ana ki te whakapakari tinana i Prague i waenganui o te rautau 19. Pērā i te whānau Turner, ko te kaupapa Sokol i titoa e ngā iwi ā-motu i whakapono mā te whakakorikori tinana e whakakotahi te iwi Czech.
Ko te kaupapa Sokol te whakahaere rongonui rawa atu i Czechoslovakia, ā, ko āna mahi whakangungu i uru atu ki ngā pae whakarara, ngā pae whakapae, me ngā mahi papa.
Ko Nadia Comăneci o Romania te wahine tuatahi i whiwhi i te 10 tino tika i ngā Olympics o te tau 1976. Kei te whakaatuhia te kaitākaro 14-tau te pakeke e peke teitei ana i runga i te waewae kotahi i te wā o te mahi papa i taua tau.
Ngā mahi takaro i ngā Olympics
I te tipu haere o te rongonui o Turner rāua ko Sokol, ka piki haere te rongonui o te mahi whakapakari tinana. Nō te tau 1881, ka tipu haere te hiahia o te ao ki te mahi whakapakari tinana, ā, ka whānau mai te International Gymnastics Federation.
I te wā o ngā Kēmu Orimipia tuatahi o ēnei rā i te tau 1896, ko te takahurihuri tētahi o ngā whakataetae whakahau a te kaiwhakaū a Pierre de Coubertin.
E whitu tekau mā tahi ngā tāne i whakataetae i ngā whakataetae whakapakari tinana e waru, tae atu ki te piki taura. Kāore i te miharo, i toa katoa a Tiamana i ngā mētara, e rima koura, e toru hiriwa me te rua parahi. I whai a Kariki me ngā mētara e ono, ā, e toru noa iho ngā mētara i toa i a Huiterangi.
I ngā tau i muri mai, ka huri haere te mahi whakakori tinana hei hākinakina me ngā whakataetae me ngā kaute paerewa. E rua ngā wāhanga o te mahi whakakori tinana: te mahi whakakori tinana toi, kei roto ko te pekepeke, ngā pae kore taurite, te kurupae taurite, te hōiho pommel, ngā mowhiti tūmau, ngā pae whakarara, ngā pae whakapae me te papa; me te mahi whakakori tinana manawataki, kei roto ko ngā taputapu pēnei i te mowhiti, te pōro me ngā rīpene. I te tau 1928, i whakataetae ngā wāhine i te mahi whakakori tinana o ngā Ōrimipia mō te wā tuatahi.
I ēnei rā, ko Simone Biles o te Hononga o Amerika te kaitākaro hākinakina tino whakapaipaihia i roto i te hītori. Nā āna mahi whakamiharo i whakaoho te wehi me te whakahīhī o te motu, tae atu ki tana mahi i ngā Olympics o te raumati 2016 i Rio de Janeiro, i reira i toa ai ia i ngā mētara koura e whā me te mētara parahi kotahi.
Whakahē.
Ka whakatenatenahia e te mahi whakapakari tinana te kotahitanga o te motu, ā, ka whakanuia hoki te tinana tino pai. Engari kua utua e ngā kaitākaro he utu nui mō tēnei. Ka taea e te tikanga whakangungu e whakatairangahia ana e te mahi whakapakari tinana te arahi ngāwari ki ngā tikanga whakangungu kino, ā, kua whakahēngia te hākinakina mō te whakatairanga i ngā kaitākaro taitamariki rawa.
I te tau 2016, i whakapaehia te tākuta o te tīma USA Gymnastics, a Larry Nassar, mō te tukino i ngā tamariki. I ngā marama i muri mai, i hurahia te ao o te mahi whakapakari tinana i roto i tētahi take kino, e whakaatu ana i te ahurea o te tukino ā-waha, ā-hinengaro, ā-tinana, ā-ira me te tukino.
Neke atu i te 150 ngā kaitākaro whakapakari tinana i whakaatu i ā rātou taunakitanga i te whakawakanga whiu mō Nassar, i whiua ki te 60 tau i roto i te whare herehere ā-motu i te tau 2017.
Tikanga tuku iho.
Kāore te korikori tinana i te wāhanga o tētahi kaupapa tōrangapū whānui e tautoko ana i te motu me te kotahitanga pāpori. Engari kei te haere tonu tōna rongonui me tōna tūranga i roto i te whakahīhī ā-motu.
E tuhituhi ana a David Clay Large, he hoa matua i te Center for European Studies i te Whare Wānanga o California, Berkeley, i roto i te hautaka (Foreign Policy), "Koinei te kaupapa matua o ngā Olympics."
E tuhituhi ana ia, "Ko ēnei whakanuinga e kiia nei ko te 'ao whānui' e angitu ana nā te mea e whakaatu ana i tā rātou e ngana ana ki te hipa: ko ngā kare ā-iwi taketake o te ao."
Kaiwhakaputa:
Wā tuku: Maehe-28-2025
