1. Tewhakamāramatanga o te papa whutupaoro

Ko te papa whutupaoro (e mōhiotia ana ko te papa whutupaoro) te papa tākaro mō te kēmu whutupaoro ā-rohe. Ko ōna rahi me ōna tohu e tautuhia ana e te Ture 1 o ngā Ture o te Kēmu, "Te Papa Tākaro". He mea hanga te papa ki te tarutaru tūturu, ki te tarutaru horihori rānei, ahakoa he maha ngā wā ka tākaro ngā tīma amatira me ngā tīma whakangahau i ngā papa oneone. Ko ngā mata horihori anake e whakaaetia ana kia kakariki te tae.

E hia ngā eka o te papa whutupaoro paerewa?

Ko te rahi o te papa whutupaoro paerewa i waenga i te 1.32 me te 1.76 eka te rahi, i runga i te whakatutukitanga o ngā whakaritenga rahi iti rawa, rahi mōrahi rānei kua whakatakotoria e te FIFA.

Kāore i te rite te rahi o ngā papa tākaro katoa, ahakoa ko te rahi e pai ana mō ngā papa tākaro o ngā tīma ngaio he 105 mita te whānui, 68 mita te whānui (115 iāri × 74 iāri) me te whānuitanga o te 7,140 mita pūrua (76,900 putu pūrua; 1.76 eka; 0.714 heketea).

He tapawhā te āhua o te papa tākaro. Ko ngā taha roa ka kiia he rārangi pā, ko ngā taha poto ka kiia he rārangi whāinga. Ko ngā rārangi whāinga e rua kei waenganui i te 45 me te 90 m (49 me te 98 iāri) te whānui, ā, me rite te roa. Ko ngā rārangi pā e rua kei waenganui i te 90 me te 120 m (98 me te 131 iāri) te roa, ā, me rite te roa. He rite te whānui o ngā rārangi katoa i runga i te whenua, kaua e neke atu i te 12 henimita (5 inihi). Ka tohua ngā kokonga o te papa tākaro ki ngā haki kokonga.

Mō ngā whakataetae o te ao, he tino herea ngā rahi o te papa tākaro; ko te whānui o ngā rārangi whāinga kei waenganui i te 64 me te 75 mita (70 me te 82 iāri), ā, ko te roa o ngā rārangi pā kei waenganui i te 100 me te 110 m (110 me te 120 iāri). Ko te nuinga o ngā papa whutupaoro ngaio taumata teitei, tae atu ki ērā nō ngā tīma o te English Premier League, he 112 ki te 115 iāri (102.4 ki te 105.2 m) te roa, ā, ko te whānui he 70 ki te 75 iāri (64.0 ki te 68.6 m).

Ahakoa te tikanga o te kupu "rārangi whāinga" ko te wāhanga anake o te rārangi i waenganui i ngā pou whāinga, ko te tikanga e pā ana ki te rārangi katoa i ia pito o te papa tākaro, mai i tētahi haki kokonga ki tētahi atu. He rerekē, ko te kupu "rārangi-whānui" (rārangi-whānui rānei) e whakamahia ana hei tohu i taua wāhanga o te rārangi whāinga i waho o ngā pou whāinga. He mea whakamahi noa tēnei kupu i roto i ngā kōrero whutupaoro me ngā whakaahuatanga kēmu, pērā i tēnei tauira mai i tētahi pūrongo kēmu a te BBC: "Ka tae a Udeze ki te rārangi-whānui maui, ā, ka whakakorea tana whiti porowhita..."

2. Whāinga Whutupaoro

Ka whakatakotoria ngā whāinga ki waenganui o ia rārangi whāinga. Ko ēnei he pou poutū e rua e tū ana i te tawhiti ōrite mai i ngā pou haki kokonga, ka honoa ki runga e te pae whakawhiti whakapae. Ko ngā taha o roto o ngā pou e whakaritea ana kia 7.32 mita (24 putu) (te whānui) te tawhiti, ā, ko te taha o raro o te pae whakawhiti ka hiki ake ki te 2.44 mita (8 putu) i runga ake i te papa. Nō reira, ko te rohe e pupuhi ai ngā kaitākaro he 17.86 mita tapawha (192 putu tapawha). I te nuinga o te wā ka whakatakotoria ngā kupenga ki muri i te whāinga, engari kāore e hiahiatia ana e ngā Ture.

Me mā ngā pou whāinga me ngā pae whakawhiti, ā, me hanga ki te rakau, ki te whakarewa, ki tētahi atu rauemi kua whakaaetia rānei. He ngāwari ake ngā ture mō te āhua o ngā pou whāinga me ngā pae whakawhiti, engari me hanga kia rite ki tētahi āhua e kore e tū hei mōrearea ki ngā kaitākaro. Mai i te tīmatanga o te whutupaoro, he pou whāinga tonu, engari kāore i hangaia te pae whakawhiti tae noa ki te tau 1875, i mua i tēnā i whakamahia ai he aho i waenganui i ngā pou whāinga.

Whāinga Whutupaoro Pūmau Paerewa FIFA

Whāinga Whutupaoro MINI

3. Tarutaru Whutupaoro

Tarutaru Taiao

I ngā wā o mua, he maha ngā wā i whakamahia ai te tarutaru tūturu hei hanga papa mō ngā papa whutupaoro, engari he utu nui ngā papa tarutaru tūturu, ā, he uaua ki te tiaki. He tino mākū ngā papa whutupaoro tarutaru tūturu, ā, i muri i te whakamahinga mō tētahi wā ka tīmata te pirau o te tarutaru, ka mate rānei.

Tarutaru Horihori

Ko tētahi o ngā painga nui o te tarutaru horihori ko tōna kore e pāngia e ngā āhuatanga huarere kino, he rerekē ki tōna hoa tūturu. Mō te tarutaru tūturu, ka maroke te tarutaru i te nui o te rā, engari ka ngaro i te nui o te ua. Nā te mea he mea ora te tarutaru tūturu, he tino pāngia e te taiao. Heoi, kāore tēnei e pā ki te tarutaru horihori nā te mea he mea hanga mai i ngā matū hanga-tangata kāore e pāngia e ngā āhuatanga taiao.

E ai ki te kōrero i mua ake nei, he tino pāngia te tarutaru tūturu e ngā āhuatanga o te taiao, ā, ka hua ake he papaki me te pakarukaru.-te tae. Kāore e ōrite te nui o te hihi o te rā i roto i tō māra puta noa i te rohe katoa, nō reira, ka pakira, ka parauri ētahi wāhanga. Hei tāpiri, me oneone te purapura tarutaru hei tupu, ko te tikanga he tino paru ngā wāhi tarutaru tūturu, he tino whakararuraru tēnei. Hei tāpiri, ka tupu tonu ngā taru kino i roto i tō tarutaru, ka whai wāhi atu ki te tiaki kua hoha kē.

Nō reira, ko te tarutaru hangai te otinga tino pai. Ehara i te mea kāore e pāngia e ngā āhuatanga o te taiao, engari kāore hoki e tukua kia tupu ngā taru, kia horapa rānei te paru. Hei whakamutunga, mā te tarutaru hangai ka taea te hanga i tētahi āhua ma, kia ōrite hoki.

4、Me pēhea te hanga i tētahi papa whutupaoro tino pai

Ki te hiahia koe ki te hanga i te papa whutupaoro tino pai, ko LDK tāu whiringa tuatahi!

Shenzhen LDK Industrial Co., Ltd He wheketere taputapu hākinakina a C&A e hipoki ana i te 50,000 mita pūrua me ngā tikanga whakaputa kotahi-mutu, ā, kua whakatapua ki te whakaputa me te hoahoa i ngā hua hākinakina mō te 41 tau.

I runga i te kaupapa whakaputa "tiaki taiao, kounga teitei, ataahua, kore tiaki", ko te kounga o ngā hua te mea tuatahi i roto i te umanga, ā, e whakanuia ana hoki ngā hua e ngā kiritaki. I taua wā anō, he maha ngā "pā" kiritaki e āwangawanga tonu ana mō ngā whanaketanga o tā mātou umanga, e haere tahi ana me mātou ki te tipu me te ahu whakamua!

Tiwhikete Tohu Paetae Katoa

Kei a mātou ngā tiwhikete lSO9001, ISO14001, 0HSAS, NSCC, FIFA, CE, EN1270 me ērā atu, ka taea te hanga i ia tiwhikete kia rite ki te tono a te kiritaki.