ʻO wai ka mea i haku i nā mea hana haʻuki

Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ke kumu o ka haʻuki mai Helene kahiko. Akā ke alakaʻi nei ka nationalism i ka piʻi ʻana o nā gymnastics hou mai ka Napoleonic Wars a hiki i ka Soviet era.
He kanaka olohelohe e hooikaika ana ma piazza. kiaʻi kiaʻi kūpaʻa i ka hoʻolaʻa ʻana o ʻAberahama Linekona. ʻO nā ʻōpio liʻiliʻi e piʻi aʻe mai ka honua i kahi pūʻulu puʻupuʻu o ka lele a me ka lele. ʻAʻohe pōʻino kēia mau kiʻi - he ʻāpana lākou o ka mōʻaukala gymnastics.
Me ka piʻi ʻana o nā mea haʻuki e like me Simone Biles a me Kohei Uchimura, ua lilo ka haʻuki i kekahi o nā hanana i aloha nui ʻia i ka 'Olumepika. ʻAʻole i hoʻokomo mau i ka gymnastics nā kaola like ʻole a i ʻole ka lāʻau kaulike – ʻo nā haʻuki mua i komo i nā hana e like me ka piʻi ʻana i ke kaula a me ke koli ʻana i ka pahu. Akā i kona hoʻololi ʻana mai ka moʻomeheu Helene kahiko a hiki i ka haʻuki ʻOlumepika o kēia wā, pili mau ka gymnastics me ka haʻaheo a me ka ʻike ʻāina.
Hoʻomaʻamaʻa pinepine ka poʻe haʻuki Helene kahiko i kā lākou mākaukau haʻuki ma ka ʻōlohelohe. Ke hoʻomaʻamaʻa nei kēia mau haʻuki mua i ko lākou kino no ke kaua.

Lio hoolele home gymnastics

Ke kumu o ka Gymnastics

No Helene kahiko ka haʻuki. Ma Helene kahiko, ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa ikaika nā kāne ʻōpio i ke kino a me ka noʻonoʻo no ke kaua. ʻO ka hua'ōlelo mai ka Greek gymnos, "'ōlohelohe" - kūpono, no ka mea, ua aʻoʻia nā'ōpiopio i ka'ōlohelohe, e hana i nā hoʻoikaika, e hāpai ana i nā kaumaha a me ka hoʻokūkū kū'ē i kekahi ma ka papahele.
No nā Helene, hele pū ka hoʻoikaika kino a me ke aʻo ʻana. Wahi a ka mea kākau moʻolelo haʻuki ʻo R. Scott Kretchmar, ʻo nā hale haʻuki kahi i hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ai nā kāne ʻōpio Helene he "nā kikowaena o ka naʻauao a me ka ʻike" - nā kikowaena kaiāulu kahi i aʻo ʻia ai nā ʻōpio i ka ʻoihana kino a me ka naʻauao. Ua kākau ʻo Aristotle, ʻo Aristotle, ʻo Aristotle, ke kenekulia ʻehā, "ʻO ka hoʻonaʻauao o ke kino ma mua o ka hoʻonaʻauao ʻana i ka noʻonoʻo."
Akā, ʻo ka gymnastics, e like me kā mākou i ʻike ai i kēia lā, ua hele mai ia mai kahi puʻupuʻu ʻē aʻe o ka naʻauao a me ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa hahana: ʻEulopa 18 a me 19th-century. Ma laila, e like me Helene kahiko, ua ʻike ʻia ke kino kino he ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ke kamaʻāina a me ke aloha ʻāina. ʻO nā hui gymnastic kaulana o ia au i hui pū i nā ʻekolu.
ʻO Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, he koa Prussia kahiko, ua hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia i ka pio ʻana o kona ʻāina ma ka lima o Napoleona. Ua hana ʻo ia i kahi ʻano haʻuki i kapa ʻia ʻo Turnen, kahi āna i manaʻo ai e hoʻōla hou i kona ʻāina.
ʻO Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, ʻo Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, i kapa ʻia ʻo “Father of Gymnastics” ma mua, ua kākoʻo ʻo ia i ka manaʻo haʻaheo a me ka hoʻonaʻauao o ka wā Enlightenment.
Ma hope o ka hoʻouka ʻia ʻana o Prussia e Farani, ʻike ʻo Jahn i ka lanakila ʻana o ka poʻe Kelemania he mea hoʻohilahila aupuni.
No ka hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻana i kona mau makaʻāinana a hoʻohui i nā ʻōpio, ua huli ʻo ia i ka hoʻoikaika kino. Ua hoʻokumu ʻo Jahn i kahi ʻōnaehana haʻuki i kapa ʻia ʻo "Turner" a ua hana ʻo ia i nā mea hana hou no kāna mau haumāna, ʻo ia hoʻi ka pahu pālua, nā kaola like ʻole, ke kaola kaulike, a me ke kū lio.
Ua hoʻokumu ʻo Jahn i nā hoʻomaʻamaʻa hoʻomau, me ka vault a me ke koena kaulike, i hana ʻia e kāna poʻe hahai ma Turner Festivals ma ka ʻāina. Ua kiʻi ʻia nā wahine mai ka Hannoversche Musterturnschule e hana ana ma ka ʻahaʻaina ma Cologne i ka makahiki 1928.

Kukui Kaulike Gymnastic

Pehea ka Nationalism i hoʻoulu ai i ka piʻi ʻana o nā gymnastics

I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 19, ua hoʻololi ka poʻe hahai iā Jahn (i kapa ʻia ʻo "Turners") i nā manaʻo e pili ana i nā neʻe e like me nā haʻuki hou i nā kūlanakauhale ma Kelemania. Ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa lākou i ko lākou mākaukau ma ka lāʻau kaulike a me ka lio pommel, piʻi i nā alapiʻi, nā apo, nā lele lōʻihi, a me nā hana ʻē aʻe, ʻoiai ke kau nei i nā hana haʻuki nui.
Ma ka Turner Festival, hoʻololi lākou i nā manaʻo, hoʻokūkū i nā haʻuki, a kūkākūkā i ka politika. I loko o nā makahiki, lawe lākou i ko lākou mau manaʻo e pili ana i ke akeakamai, ka hoʻonaʻauao, a me ka hoʻoikaika kino i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, a ua lilo kā lākou mau hale haʻuki i mau kikowaena kaiaulu koʻikoʻi ma ka ʻāina.
Ua lilo pū ʻo Turner i pūʻali kālai'āina ma ʻAmelika. Nui ka poʻe i haʻalele i ko lākou ʻāina hānau no ko lākou kūʻē ʻana i ke aupuni mōʻī Kelemania a makemake lākou i ke kūʻokoʻa. ʻO ka hopena, ua lilo kekahi mau Turners i mea hoʻopau a kākoʻo iā ʻAberahama Lincoln.
ʻElua mau hui o Turners i mālama i ka Pelekikena Lincoln i kāna hoʻolaʻa mua ʻana, a ua hoʻokumu ʻo Turners i kā lākou mau regiment ma ka pūʻali koa Union.
Eia naʻe, ua ulu aʻe kekahi hui ʻEulopa e pili ana i ka hoʻoikaika kino ma Prague i ka waena o ke kenekulia 19. E like me ka poʻe Turners, ua haku ʻia ka neʻe ʻana o Sokol i ka poʻe nationalists i manaʻoʻiʻo e hui pū nā calisthenics i hui pū ʻia e ka poʻe Czech.
Ua lilo ʻo Sokol i hui kaulana loa ma Czechoslovakia, a ʻo kāna mau hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana he mau kaola like ʻole, nā kaola ākea, a me nā papa maʻamau.
Ua lilo ʻo Nadia Comăneci o Romania i ka haʻuki wahine mua loa i helu i ka 10 maikaʻi loa ma ka 'Olumepika 1976. Hōʻike ʻia ka mea haʻuki he 14 mau makahiki e lele kiʻekiʻe ana ma ka wāwae hoʻokahi i ka wā maʻamau o ka papahele i kēlā makahiki.

ʻO ka pā pāʻani pāʻani gymnastics

'Olumepika

I ka ulu ʻana o ka kaulana o Turner lāua ʻo Sokol, ua ʻoi aku ka kaulana o nā haʻuki. I ka makahiki 1881, e ulu ana ka hoihoi o ka honua i ka haʻuki, a ua hānau ʻia ka International Gymnastics Federation.
I ka wā o nā pāʻani 'Olumepika mua loa i ka makahiki 1896, ʻo ka gymnastics kekahi o nā hanana koi no ka mea hoʻokumu ʻo Pierre de Coubertin.
He kanahikukūmākahi kāne i hoʻokūkū i ʻewalu mau haʻuki, me ka piʻi kaula. ʻO ka mea kupanaha, ua kāleʻa ʻo Kelemania i nā mekala a pau, lanakila ʻelima gula, ʻekolu kālā a me ʻelua keleawe. Ua hahai ʻo Helene me ʻeono mau mekala, ʻoiai ua lanakila ʻo Switzerland i ʻekolu wale nō.
I nā makahiki i hala aʻe nei, ua lilo ka haʻuki haʻuki i haʻuki me nā hanana hoʻokūkū maʻamau. Ua māhele ʻia ʻo Gymnastics i ʻelua mau ʻāpana: ʻo nā haʻuki noʻeau, ʻo ia hoʻi nā pahu pahu, nā kaola like ʻole, ka lāʻau kaulike, ka lio pommel, nā apo paʻa, nā kī like ʻole, nā kaola a me ka papahele; a me nā haʻuki mele, e komo pū ana me nā apo, nā pōpō a me nā lipine.
I kēia lā, ʻo Simone Biles o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ʻo ia ka mea haʻuki i hoʻonani ʻia i ka mōʻaukala. Ua hoʻoulu ʻia kāna mau hana hoʻohiwahiwa i ka haʻaheo a me ka haʻaheo o ka lāhui, me kāna hana ma ka 2016 Summer Olympics ma Rio de Janeiro, kahi i lanakila ai ʻo ia i ʻehā gula a me hoʻokahi mekala keleawe.

Hoʻopiʻi.

Paipai ka gymnastics i ka lokahi aupuni a hoʻolauleʻa i ke kino kūpono. Akā, ua uku nā mea pāʻani i ke kumu kūʻai kiʻekiʻe no ia. ʻO ke aʻo ʻana i hoʻoikaika ʻia e ka gymnastics hiki ke alakaʻi maʻalahi i nā ʻano hoʻomaʻamaʻa hōʻino, a ua ʻāhewa ʻia ka haʻuki no ka makemake ʻana i nā poʻe ʻōpio loa.
I ka makahiki 2016, ua hoʻopiʻi ʻia ke kauka hui ʻo Larry Nassar no ka hana hoʻomāinoino i nā keiki. I nā mahina i hala iho nei, ua wehe ʻia kahi hōʻino i ka honua hope o ka haʻuki, e hōʻike ana i kahi moʻomeheu o ka waha, ka naʻau, ke kino, ka hoʻomāinoino a me ka hoʻokauwā ʻana.
ʻOi aku ma mua o 150 mau gymnasts i hōʻike i ka hoʻokolokolo hoʻopaʻi no Nassar, i hoʻopaʻi ʻia i 60 mau makahiki i loko o ka hale paʻahao federal i 2017.

Kuʻuna.

ʻAʻole ʻo Gymnastics kahi ʻāpana o kahi neʻe kālai'āina ākea e kākoʻo ana i ka nationalism a me ka hui kaiaulu. Akā, e mau ana kona kaulana a me kona kuleana i ka haʻaheo aupuni.
Ua kākau ʻo David Clay Large, he hoa kiʻekiʻe ma ka Center for European Studies ma ke Kulanui o Kaleponi, Berkeley, i ka puke pai (Foreign Policy), "ʻO ka hope loa, ʻo ia ka mea e pili ana i ka 'Olumepika."
Ua kākau ʻo ia, "Ua kūleʻa pololei kēia mau hoʻolauleʻa 'cosmopolitan' no ka mea ke hōʻike nei lākou i ka mea a lākou e hoʻāʻo nei e hoʻonui: ʻo ka manaʻo o ka ʻohana maʻamau o ka honua."