Asalin wasan motsa jiki na iya komawa zuwa tsohuwar Girka. Amma kishin kasa ya haifar da karuwar wasannin motsa jiki na zamani tun daga yakin Napoleon zuwa zamanin Soviet.
Mutumin tsirara yana motsa jiki a piazza. stoic mai tsaro a bikin Abraham Lincoln. Ƙananan matasa suna tashi daga ƙasa a cikin jerin juzu'i da tsalle-tsalle. Wadannan hotuna ba haɗari ba ne - duk wani ɓangare ne na tarihin gymnastics.
Tare da karuwar 'yan wasa kamar Simone Biles da Kohei Uchimura, wasan ya zama daya daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi so a gasar Olympics. Gymnastics ba koyaushe ya haɗa da sanduna marasa daidaituwa ko ma'auni ba - wasan motsa jiki na farko sun haɗa da motsa jiki irin su hawan igiya da lilon sanda. Amma a cikin juyin halittarsa daga tsohuwar al'adar Girka zuwa wasanni na Olympics na zamani, wasan motsa jiki ya kasance yana da alaƙa ta kut-da-kut da girman kai da asalin ƙasa.
'Yan wasan Girka na dā sukan yi wasan motsa jiki a cikin tsirara. Waɗannan ’yan wasan motsa jiki na farko suna horar da jikinsu don yaƙi.
Asalin Gymnastics
Wasan ya samo asali ne daga tsohuwar Girka. A ƙasar Girka ta dā, an yi wa samari horo mai ƙarfi na jiki da na tunani don yaƙi. Kalmar ta fito ne daga gymnos na Girkanci, "tsirara" - apt, tun lokacin da samari suka horar da tsirara, yin motsa jiki, ɗaukar nauyi da fafatawa da juna a kasa.
Ga Helenawa, motsa jiki da koyo sun tafi tare. A cewar masanin tarihin wasanni R. Scott Kretchmar, wuraren motsa jiki da samarin Girka suka horar da su "cibiyoyin ilimi ne da ganowa" - cibiyoyin al'umma inda samari suka sami ilimin fasaha na jiki da na hankali. Masanin falsafa na ƙarni na huɗu BC Aristotle ya rubuta, “Ilimin jiki dole ne ya riga ya koyar da hankali.”
Amma gymnastics, kamar yadda muka sani a yau, ya fito ne daga wani wuri na hankali da muhawara mai zafi: Turai na 18th da 19th. A can, kamar yadda yake a tsohuwar Girka, ana ganin lafiyar jiki a matsayin wani muhimmin bangare na zama ɗan ƙasa da kishin ƙasa. Shahararrun ƙungiyoyin gymnastics na wancan zamani sun haɗa duka ukun.
Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, wanda tsohon sojan Prussian ne, ya ji takaicin yadda kasarsa ta sha kashi a hannun Napoleon. Ya kirkiro wani nau'i na wasan motsa jiki mai suna Turnen, wanda ya yi imanin zai sake farfado da kasarsa.
Tsohon sojan Prussian Friedrich Ludwig Jahn - daga baya aka fi sani da "Uban Gymnastics" - ya rungumi falsafar zamanin Haskakawa na girman kai da ilimi na kasa.
Bayan da Faransa ta mamaye Prussia, Jahn ya ɗauki shan kashi na Jamus a matsayin abin kunya na ƙasa.
Don daukaka ’yan kasarsa da hada kan matasa, ya koma ga lafiyar jiki. Jahn ya ƙirƙiri tsarin gymnastics mai suna "Turner" kuma ya ƙirƙira sabbin na'urori ga ɗalibansa, gami da mashaya biyu, sanduna marasa daidaituwa, katako mai daidaitawa, da tsayawar doki.
Jahn ya ƙirƙira atisaye masu ɗorewa, waɗanda suka haɗa da vault da beam balance, wanda mabiyansa suka yi a bikin Turner a duk faɗin ƙasar. Hotunan mata ne daga Hannoversche Musterturnschule suna yin wasan kwaikwayo a bikin a Cologne a 1928.
Yadda Kishin Kasa Ya Hauka Tashi Na Gymnastics
A farkon karni na 19, mabiyan Jahn (wanda aka fi sani da "Turners") sun yi musayar ra'ayi game da motsi mai kama da gymnastic na zamani a biranen Jamus. Sun horar da basirarsu akan ma'auni na katako da doki na pommel, hawa matakan hawa, zobe, tsalle-tsalle, da sauran ayyukan, duk yayin da suke yin manyan wasannin motsa jiki.
A bikin Turner, suna musayar ra'ayi, suna yin gasa a wasan motsa jiki, da kuma tattauna siyasa. A tsawon shekaru, sun kawo ra'ayoyinsu game da falsafa, ilimi, da dacewa ga Amurka, kuma kulake na gymnastics sun zama mahimman cibiyoyin al'umma a cikin ƙasar.
Turner kuma ya zama wani karfi na siyasa a Amurka. Da yawa sun bar ƙasarsu domin suna adawa da sarautar Jamus kuma suna marmarin samun ’yanci. A sakamakon haka, wasu Turners sun zama masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da magoya bayan Ibrahim Lincoln.
Kamfanoni biyu na Turners sun ba da kariya ga Shugaba Lincoln a farkon rantsar da shi, kuma Turners ma sun kafa nasu tsarin mulki a cikin sojojin Tarayyar.
A halin da ake ciki, wata ƙungiya ta Turai mai dacewa da motsa jiki ta taso a Prague a tsakiyar karni na 19. Kamar Turners, ƙungiyar Sokol ta ƙunshi 'yan kishin ƙasa waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa haɗin gwiwar jama'a zai haɗu da mutanen Czech.
Ƙungiya ta Sokol ta zama ƙungiya mafi shahara a Czechoslovakia, kuma atisayenta sun haɗa da sanduna iri ɗaya, sanduna a kwance, da kuma abubuwan yau da kullun na bene.
'Yar Romania Nadia Comăneci ta zama 'yar wasan motsa jiki ta farko da ta zura kwallaye 10 a gasar Olympics ta 1976. An dai nuna hoton dan wasan mai shekaru 14 yana tsalle sama da kafa daya yayin da yake gudanar da aikin bene a waccan shekarar.
Gymnastics a gasar Olympics
Yayin da shaharar Turner da Sokol ke ƙaruwa, wasan motsa jiki ya ƙara shahara. A shekara ta 1881, sha'awar duniya game da gymnastics ta girma, kuma an haifi Ƙungiyar Gymnastics ta Duniya.
A lokacin wasannin Olympics na zamani na farko a 1896, gymnastics na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka wajaba ga wanda ya kafa Pierre de Coubertin.
Maza saba'in da daya ne suka fafata a wasannin motsa jiki takwas, gami da hawan igiya. Ba tare da mamaki ba, Jamus ta share dukkan lambobin yabo, inda ta lashe zinari biyar, azurfa uku da tagulla biyu. Girka ta biyo bayanta da lambobin yabo shida, yayin da Switzerland ta samu uku kacal.
A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, gymnastics a hankali ya zama wasa tare da daidaitattun maki da abubuwan gasa. Gymnastics ya kasu kashi biyu: gymnastics na fasaha, wanda ya hada da vault, m sanduna, balance katako, pommel doki, a tsaye zobba, a layi daya sanduna, kwance sanduna da bene; da kuma wasan motsa jiki na rhythmic, wanda ya haɗa da na'urori irin su zobba, ƙwallon ƙafa da ribbons.A cikin 1928, mata sun shiga gasar motsa jiki ta Olympics a karon farko.
A yau, Simone Biles ta Amurka ita ce ƴar wasan motsa jiki da aka fi ƙawata a tarihi. Abubuwan ban sha'awa da ta yi sun ba da mamaki da kuma alfahari a cikin ƙasa, ciki har da rawar da ta taka a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2016 a Rio de Janeiro, inda ta lashe zinari huɗu da tagulla ɗaya.
Abin kunya.
Gymnastics yana ƙarfafa haɗin kan ƙasa kuma yana murna da cikakken jiki. Amma 'yan wasa sun biya farashi mai yawa a kansa. Dabi'ar da gymnastics ke haɓakawa na iya haifar da muggan hanyoyin horarwa cikin sauƙi, kuma an soki wasan don fifita matasa matasa masu halarta.
A cikin 2016, an zargi likitan kungiyar Gymnastics na Amurka Larry Nassar da yin lalata da yara. A cikin watannin da suka biyo baya, wani abin kunya ya bankado duniyar wasan motsa jiki na bayan fage, inda ta fallasa al'adar magana, da motsin rai, ta jiki, cin zarafi ta jima'i da kuma tawali'u.
Fiye da ’yan wasan motsa jiki 150 ne suka ba da shaida a zaman da aka yanke wa Nassar, wanda aka yanke wa hukuncin daurin shekaru 60 a gidan yari a shekarar 2017.
Al'ada.
Gymnastics ba ya zama wani ɓangare na faɗaɗɗen motsi na siyasa don goyon bayan kishin ƙasa da haɗin kai na zamantakewa. Amma shahararsa da rawar da take takawa a cikin al'ummar kasa ta ci gaba.
David Clay Large, babban ɗan’uwa a Cibiyar Nazarin Turai a Jami’ar California, Berkeley, ya rubuta a cikin mujallar (Manufofin Ƙasashen Waje), “A ƙarshe, wannan shi ne abin da gasar Olympics ta ke.”
Ya rubuta cewa, "Waɗannan bukukuwan da ake kira 'cosmopolitan' suna yin nasara daidai domin suna bayyana abin da suke ƙoƙari su wuce: abubuwan da suka fi dacewa a duniya."
Mawallafi:
Lokacin aikawa: Maris 28-2025
