Asalin motsa jiki na motsa jiki za a iya samo shi ne daga tsohuwar Girka. Amma kishin ƙasa ya haifar da haɓakar wasannin motsa jiki na zamani tun daga Yaƙin Napoleon zuwa zamanin Soviet.
Mutum tsirara yana motsa jiki a cikin piazza. mai tsaron gida mai ƙarfi a bikin rantsar da Abraham Lincoln. Matasa ƙanana suna tashi daga ƙasa cikin jerin tsalle-tsalle da tsalle-tsalle masu ban tsoro. Waɗannan hotunan ba haɗari ba ne - duk suna cikin tarihin motsa jiki.
Tare da karuwar 'yan wasa kamar Simone Biles da Kohei Uchimura, wasan ya zama ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi so a gasar Olympics. Wasannin motsa jiki ba koyaushe sun haɗa da sanduna marasa daidaito ko hasken daidaito ba - wasannin motsa jiki na farko sun haɗa da motsa jiki kamar hawa igiya da lilo da sanda. Amma a cikin juyin halittarsa daga al'adar Girka ta dā zuwa wasannin Olympics na zamani, wasannin motsa jiki koyaushe suna da alaƙa da alfahari da asalin ƙasa.
'Yan wasan Girka na dā galibi suna yin wasan motsa jiki a tsirara. Waɗannan 'yan wasan motsa jiki na farko suna horar da jikinsu don yaƙi.
Asalin Gymnastics
Wasan ya samo asali ne daga tsohuwar Girka. A tsohuwar Girka, samari sun sami horo mai zurfi na jiki da na hankali don yaƙi. Kalmar ta fito ne daga wasannin motsa jiki na Girka, "tsirara" - daidai, tunda samari suna horar da tsirara, suna yin motsa jiki, ɗaga nauyi da kuma fafatawa da juna a ƙasa.
Ga Girkawa, motsa jiki da koyo suna tafiya tare. A cewar masanin tarihin wasanni R. Scott Kretchmar, wuraren motsa jiki inda samarin Girka suka horar da su "cibiyoyin ilimi da gano abubuwa" ne - cibiyoyin al'umma inda matasa ke koyon fasahar jiki da ta tunani. Masanin falsafar Girka na ƙarni na huɗu kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, Aristotle, ya rubuta, "Ilimin jiki dole ne ya riga ilimin tunani."
Amma wasannin motsa jiki, kamar yadda muka san su a yau, sun fito ne daga wani wuri mai cike da tunani da muhawara mai zafi: Turai ta ƙarni na 18 da 19. A can, kamar yadda yake a tsohuwar Girka, ana ɗaukar kasancewa mai ƙoshin lafiya a matsayin muhimmin ɓangare na zama ɗan ƙasa da kuma kishin ƙasa. Shahararrun ƙungiyoyin motsa jiki na wannan lokacin sun haɗa dukkan ukun.
Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, tsohon soja ɗan ƙasar Prussia, ya yi takaicin rashin nasarar da ƙasarsa ta sha a hannun Napoleon. Ya ƙirƙiro wani nau'in motsa jiki mai suna Turnen, wanda ya yi imanin zai farfaɗo da ƙasarsa.
Tsohon soja ɗan ƙasar Prussia, Friedrich Ludwig Jahn - wanda daga baya aka san shi da "Uban motsa jiki" - ya rungumi falsafar zamanin wayewa ta girman kai da ilimi.
Bayan da Faransa ta mamaye Prussia, Jahn ya ɗauki shan kayen da Jamus ta yi a matsayin abin kunya ga ƙasa.
Domin ya ɗaga darajar mutanen ƙasarsa da kuma haɗa kan matasa, sai ya koma ga lafiyar jiki. Jahn ya ƙirƙiri tsarin motsa jiki mai suna "Turner" kuma ya ƙirƙiri sabbin kayan aiki ga ɗalibansa, waɗanda suka haɗa da sandar biyu, sandunan da ba su daidaita ba, hasken balance, da kuma tsayawar doki.
Jahn ya ƙirƙiro motsa jiki masu ɗorewa, gami da na'urar motsa jiki ta vault da balance beam, wanda mabiyansa suka yi a Turner Festivals a faɗin ƙasar. Hotunan da ke cikin wannan hoton mata ne daga Hannoversche Musterturnschule suka yi wasa a bikin da aka yi a Cologne a shekarar 1928.
Yadda Kishin Ƙasa Ya Ƙara Haifar da Ci Gaban Wasannin Gymnastics
A farkon karni na 19, mabiya Jahn (wanda aka sani da "Turners") sun yi musayar ra'ayoyi game da motsa jiki irin na zamani a biranen Jamus. Sun horar da ƙwarewarsu kan daidaita beam da pommel dokin, hawa tsani, zobe, tsalle-tsalle masu tsayi, da sauran ayyuka, duk yayin da suke yin manyan wasannin motsa jiki.
A bikin Turner, suna musayar ra'ayoyi, suna fafatawa a wasannin motsa jiki, da kuma tattaunawa kan siyasa. Tsawon shekaru, sun kawo ra'ayoyinsu game da falsafa, ilimi, da motsa jiki zuwa Amurka, kuma kulab ɗin motsa jiki nasu sun zama muhimman cibiyoyin al'umma a ƙasar.
Turner ya kuma zama wani ɓangare na siyasa a Amurka. Mutane da yawa sun bar ƙasarsu saboda suna adawa da mulkin mallaka na Jamus kuma suna sha'awar 'yanci. Sakamakon haka, wasu Turners suka zama masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da magoya bayan Abraham Lincoln.
Kamfanoni biyu na Turners sun ba wa Shugaba Lincoln kariya a lokacin rantsar da shi na farko, kuma Turners har ma sun kafa nasu rundunonin sojoji a rundunar sojojin Union.
A halin yanzu, wata ƙungiyar Turai mai ra'ayin motsa jiki ta bulla a Prague a tsakiyar ƙarni na 19. Kamar Turners, ƙungiyar Sokol ta ƙunshi masu kishin ƙasa waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa ƙungiyoyin addini masu haɗaka za su haɗa kan mutanen Czech.
Ƙungiyar Sokol ta zama ƙungiya mafi shahara a Czechoslovakia, kuma ayyukanta sun haɗa da sandunan layi ɗaya, sandunan kwance, da kuma ayyukan bene.
Nadia Comăneci 'yar Romania ta zama mace ta farko da ta ci maki 10 cikakke a gasar Olympics ta 1976. An nuna yarinyar 'yar shekara 14 tana tsalle sama da ƙafa ɗaya a lokacin da take wasan ƙasa a wannan shekarar.
Gymnastics a gasar Olympics
Yayin da shaharar Turner da Sokol ke ƙaruwa, wasannin motsa jiki na ƙara shahara. A shekarar 1881, sha'awar ƙasashen duniya game da wasannin motsa jiki ta ƙaru, kuma aka kafa Ƙungiyar Wasannin motsa jiki ta Duniya.
A lokacin wasannin Olympics na zamani na farko a shekarar 1896, wasannin motsa jiki na ɗaya daga cikin wasannin da suka zama dole ga wanda ya kafa Pierre de Coubertin.
Maza saba'in da ɗaya ne suka fafata a wasannin motsa jiki guda takwas, ciki har da hawan igiya. Ba abin mamaki ba ne, Jamus ta lashe dukkan lambobin yabo, inda ta lashe zinare biyar, azurfa uku da tagulla biyu. Girka ta biyo baya da lambobin yabo shida, yayin da Switzerland ta lashe uku kacal.
A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, wasannin motsa jiki a hankali sun zama wasanni tare da daidaitattun maki da gasa. An raba wasannin motsa jiki zuwa sassa biyu: wasannin motsa jiki na fasaha, wanda ya haɗa da filin wasa, sanduna marasa daidaito, beam na daidaitawa, doki na pommel, zobba masu motsi, sandunan layi ɗaya, sandunan kwance da bene; da kuma wasannin motsa jiki na rhythmic, wanda ya haɗa da na'urori kamar zobba, ƙwallo da ribbons. A shekarar 1928, mata sun fafata a wasannin motsa jiki na Olympics a karon farko.
A yau, Simone Biles 'yar ƙasar Amurka ita ce 'yar wasan motsa jiki mafi kyau a tarihi. Gwanayen da ta yi sun haifar da mamaki da alfahari da ƙasa, ciki har da rawar da ta taka a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2016 da aka yi a Rio de Janeiro, inda ta lashe lambar zinare huɗu da tagulla ɗaya.
Badakala.
Gymnastics yana ƙarfafa haɗin kan ƙasa kuma yana murnar cikakkiyar jiki. Amma 'yan wasa sun biya babban farashi saboda hakan. Tsarin da gymnastics ke haɓaka zai iya haifar da hanyoyin horo marasa kyau cikin sauƙi, kuma an soki wasan saboda fifita matasa masu shiga.
A shekarar 2016, an zargi likitan ƙungiyar motsa jiki ta Amurka Larry Nassar da cin zarafin yara ta hanyar lalata. A cikin watannin da suka biyo baya, wata badakala ta fallasa duniyar motsa jiki ta bayan fage, inda ta fallasa al'adar cin zarafin baki, motsin rai, jiki, jima'i da kuma cin zarafi.
Sama da 'yan wasan motsa jiki 150 ne suka bayar da shaida a zaman yanke hukunci kan Nassar, wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru 60 a gidan yari na tarayya a shekarar 2017.
Al'ada.
Gymnastics ba ya cikin wani babban motsi na siyasa da ke goyon bayan kishin ƙasa da haɗin kan jama'a. Amma shahararsa da rawar da take takawa a cikin alfaharin ƙasa suna ci gaba.
David Clay Large, babban jami'i a Cibiyar Nazarin Turai a Jami'ar California, Berkeley, ya rubuta a cikin mujallar (Manufofin Waje), "A ƙarshe, wannan shine abin da Olympics ke nufi."
Ya rubuta, "Waɗannan bukukuwan da ake kira 'na duniya' suna samun nasara daidai saboda suna bayyana abin da suke ƙoƙarin wuce gona da iri: ƙabilanci mafi mahimmanci a duniya."
Mai bugawa:
Lokacin Saƙo: Maris-28-2025
